The efficient coding hypothesis suggests that the early visual system is optimized to represent stimuli in the natural environment. While it is believed that LGN processing removes the redundant information of natural scenes, it is not clear whether the early visual processing can selectively amplify important signals in natural stimuli to facilitate discrimination. In this study, we examined t...

Oriented cell divisions are necessary for the development of epithelial structures. Mitotic spindle orientation requires the precise localization of force generators at the cell cortex via the evolutionarily conserved LGN complex. However, polarity cues acting upstream of this complex in vivo in the vertebrate epithelia remain unknown. In this paper, we show that Dlg1 is localized at the basola...

We introduce the first grammar-compressed representation of a sequence that supports searches in time that depends only logarithmically on the size of the grammar. Given a text T [1..u] that is represented by a (context-free) grammar of n (terminal and nonterminal) symbols and size N (measured as the sum of the lengths of the right hands of the rules), a basic grammar-based representation of T ...

We develop a new lower bound technique for data structures. We show an optimal Ω(n lg lgn/ lgn) space lower bounds for storing an index that allows to implement rank and select queries on a bit vector B provided that B is stored explicitly. These results improve upon [Miltersen, SODA’05]. We show Ω((m/t) lg t) lower bounds for storing rank/select index in the case where B has m 1-bits in it (e....

BACKGROUND The superior colliculus (SC) and lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) are important subcortical structures for vision. Much of our understanding of vision was obtained using invasive and small field of view (FOV) techniques. In this study, we use non-invasive, large FOV blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) fMRI to measure the SC and LGN's response temporal dynamics following short du...

We performed nonradioactive in situ hybridization histochemistry (ISH) in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the macaque monkey to investigate the distribution of mRNA for two growth-associated proteins, GAP-43 and SCG10. GAP-43 and SCG10 mRNAs were coexpressed in most neurons of both magnocellular layers (layers I and II) and parvocellular layers (layers III-VI). Double-labeling using non...

We have studied the neural ring patterns of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their target lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) cells. Reliable information transmission coexists with fractal uctuations which appear in RGC and LGN ring patterns. Unexpectedly , these uctuations appear not to be independent across LGN cells; information is also shared among pairs of LGN spike trains. Over short time s...

The role of action potentials in the development of proper synaptic connections in the mammalian CNS was studied in the kitten retinogeniculate pathway. Our basic finding is that there is improper segregation of retinal inputs onto LGN cells after prolonged retinal action-potential blockade. Retinal ganglion cell firing was silenced from birth by repeated monocular injections of TTX. The result...

Given a set S of n points in the plane, we consider the problem of answering range selection queries on S: that is, given an arbitrary x-range Q and an integer k > 0, return the k-th smallest y-coordinate from the set of points that have x-coordinates in Q. We present a linear space data structure that maintains a dynamic set of n points in the plane with real coordinates, and supports range se...