Electro-optic spectral shearing interferometry is implemented for the highly sensitive characterization of ultrashort pulses from a free-running source. A simple phase-locked-loop clock recovery circuit is used to extract the high-frequency microwave clock signal to drive the phase modulator for spectral shearing. We demonstrate accurate full temporal characterization of 200-fs pulses from an o...

The role of the liquid-crystal layer in the phase-shifting shearing interferometer that was proposed by Griffin [Opt. Lett. 26, 140 (2001)] is analyzed. An extra voltage-dependent phase difference is produced when the phase retarder is oriented at an angle from the optical axis of the laser beam such that the interferogram will not repeat itself after a 2pi phase change of the liquid-crystal re...

Diaphragm forming of fibre/epoxy materials is a potential cost-effective approach in manufacturing aerospace components. Significant intra-ply shearing is essential in diaphragm forming a double-curvature geometry. In previous studies, the intra-ply shearing was addressed based on an ideal fibre reinforced fluid (IFRF) model. The IFRF model was tried in the present study for a thermoset materia...

Adaptive optics (AO) is a technology used to improve the performance of optical systems by reducing the effect of wavefront distortions. It is used in astronomical telescopes and laser communication systems to remove the effects of atmospheric distortion. An AO system basically consists of three main components, a wavefront sensor, a wavefront corrector and a control system. A new wavefront sen...

The flocculated structure and flow properties of suspensions of brilliant carmine 6B (C6B) in polybutadiene were investigated. In this study, we have used simple suspensions of C6B in polybutadiene having different viscosity. Stress overshoot phenomenon after various rest periods and double-step shearing test were examined for the suspensions. In the double-step shearing test, a transient stres...

Shearing ewes in mid pregnancy can provide farmers with management and financial advantages. Six experiments conducted at Massey University have collectively shown that shearing ewes at this time can increase lamb birthweight by up to 1.0 kg. When comparisons were made across studies, there was a strong negative relationship between size of the response and the birthweight of control lambs (tho...

Cropping is a cutting process whereby opposing aligned blades create a shearing failure by exerting opposing forces normal to the surfaces of a metal sheet or plate. Building on recent efforts to quantify cropping, this paper formulates a plane strain elastic–plastic model of a plate subject to shearing action by opposing rigid platens. Shear failure at the local level is modeled by a cohesive ...

Gravitational instability of a vertically thin, dusty sheet near the midplane of a protoplanetary disk has long been proposed as a way of forming planetesimals. Before Roche densities can be achieved, however, the dust-rich layer, sandwiched from above and below by more slowly rotating dust-poor gas, threatens to overturn and mix by the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability (KHI). Whether such a threat ...

A general analysis and experimental validation of transmission wavefront shearing interferometry for photoelastic materials are presented. These interferometers applied to optically isotropic materials produce a single interference pattern related to one phase term, but when applied to photoelastic materials, they produce the sum of two different interference patterns with phase terms that are ...

We report a simple method that uses (i) emulsion shearing with oxidation to make core-shell particles, and (ii) emulsion shearing with surface-tension driven phase segregation to synthesize particles with complex surface compositions and morphologies. Subjecting eutectic gallium-indium, a liquid metal, to shear in an acidic carrier fluid we synthesized smooth liquid core-shell particles 6.4 nm ...