This note shows how to formalize a small set of general facts about buying and selling. We begin with summarizing properties of buying/selling informally in English, and give examples of consequences of these assumptions. Then we formalize our assumptions in action language C+ with additive fluents and actions and test the adequacy of the proposed formalization using the Causal Calculator.

The purpose of this article is to provide a uniform lightweight language speci cation and tutorial for a class of temporal logics for reasoning about action and change that has been developed by our group during the period The class of log ics are collected under the name TAL an acronym for Temporal Action Logics TAL has its origins and inspiration in the work with Features and Fluents FF by Sa...

The presented work covers the issue of applying neural networks to the recognition and categorization of non-fluent and fluent utterance records. Speech samples containing three types of stuttering episodes (blocks before words starting with plosives, syllable repetitions, and sound-initial prolongations) were applied. The proposed system, built with hierarchical neural network framework, was u...

While historically the Fluent Calculus arose from approaches to the Frame Problem using non-classical, linear logics, an alternative is to view it as a development of the Situation Calculus with the aim of coping with the inferential aspect of the Frame Problem. Starting oo from the concept of successor state axioms as a solution to the representational aspect, we show how by gradual improvemen...

Infants are adept at tracking statistical regularities to identify word boundaries in pause-free speech. However, researchers have questioned the relevance of statistical learning mechanisms to language acquisition, since previous studies have used simplified artificial languages that ignore the variability of real language input. The experiments reported here embraced a key dimension of variab...

Web service composition is mandatory when complex functional requirements cannot be satisfied by a single Web service. Because of the exponential growth of available Web services, their automatic discovery and composition are highly desirable tasks. This paper presents a new approach for automatic Web service composition based on the formalism of Fluent Calculus using semantic service descripti...

This study investigated a method for conducting experimental analyses of academic responding. In the experimental analyses, academic responding (math computation), rather than problem behavior, was reinforced across conditions. Two separate experimental analyses (one with fluent math computation problems and one with non-fluent math computation problems) were conducted with three elementary sch...

Ten fluent speakers and nine developmental stutterers read isolated nouns aloud in a delayed reading paradigm. Cortical activation sequences were mapped with a whole-head magnetoencephalography system. The stutterers were mostly fluent in this task. Although the overt performance was essentially identical in the two groups, the cortical activation patterns showed clear differences, both in the ...

The paper reports on first preliminary results and insights gained in a project aiming at implementing the fluent calculus using methods and techniques based on binary decision diagrams. After reporting on an initial experiment showing promising results we discuss our findings concerning various techniques and heuristics used to speed up the reasoning process.