We tested the hypothesis that intracerebroventricular (lateral ventricle) administration of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) antibody increases the level of sympathetic nerve discharge (SND) in alpha-chloralose-anesthetized rats. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), and SND (splenic and renal) were recorded before (Preinfusion), during (25 min), and for 45 min after infusion of IL-1beta a...

The Survivable Network Design (SND) problem seeks a minimum-cost subgraph that satisfies prescribed node-connectivity requirements. We consider SND on both directed and undirected complete graphs with -metric costs when c(xz) ≤ [c(xy) + c(yz)] for all x, y, z ∈ V , which varies from uniform costs ( = 1/2) to metric costs ( = 1). For the k-Connected Subgraph (k-CS) problem our ratios are: 1 + 2 ...

Studies show that semantic effects may be task-specific, and thus, that semantic representations are flexible and dynamic. Such findings are critical to the development of a comprehensive theory of semantic processing in visual word recognition, which should arguably account for how semantic effects may vary by task. It has been suggested that semantic effects are more directly examined using t...

Bacillus anthracis infection is a pathophysiological condition that is complicated by progressive decreases in mean arterial pressure (MAP). Lethal toxin (LeTx) is central to the pathogenesis of B. anthracis infection, and the sympathetic nervous system plays a critical role in physiological regulation of acute stressors. However, the effect of LeTx on sympathetic nerve discharge (SND), a criti...

This study was designed to answer three questions concerning rostral ventrolateral medullary (RVLM) and caudal medullary raphe (CMR) neurons with activity correlate to sympathetic nerve discharge (SND). 1) What are the proportions of RVLM and CMR neurons that have activity correlated to both the cardiac-related and 10-Hz rhythms in SND, to only the 10-Hz rhythm, and to only the cardiac-related ...

Abstract Immobilized biomass technology has been regarded as an effective strategy to enhance simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) in existing aerobic biological wastewater treatment processes. Nevertheless, the mechanisms of SND immobilized need be proven. In this study, waste sludge from municipal plants was by cellulose triacetate bioplates, bioplate reactor (IBPR) successful...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Selective neck dissection (SND) has become a common surgical procedure for selectively treating known or potential metastatic nodal disease from head and neck cancer while preserving functional structures. The purpose of this article is to describe the expected CT and MR findings after SND. METHODS CT (26/27) or MR images (1/27) from 27 consecutive patients treated with...

In a retrospective study of patients admitted for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) during six years, sinus node dysfunction (SND) was detected in 20 (1.04%). Twelve had persistent sinus bradycardia, 11 sinotrial block or sinus arrest and six bradytachy syndrome. Symptoms occurred in 17 patients, 12 of whom required temporary pacing for periods up to three weeks. A permanent cardiac pacemaker w...

Recent work proposed defining type-safe macros via interpretation into a multi-stage language. The utility of this approach was illustrated with a language called MacroML, in which all type checking is carried out before macro expansion. Building on this work, the goal of this paper is to develop a macro language that makes it easy for programmers to reason about terms locally. We show that def...

Using a splanchnic nerve-spinal cord preparation in vitro that could spontaneously generate sympathetic nerve discharge (SND), we investigated the roles of intraspinal GABA(B) receptors in the regulation of SND. Despite an age-dependent difference in sensitivity, bath applications of baclofen (Bac; GABA(B)-receptor agonist) consistently reduced SND in a concentration-dependent manner. The drug ...