A modified electromagnetic-bandgap (M-EBG) structure and its application to planar monopole ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna are presented. The proposed M-EBG which comprises two strip patch and an edge-located via can perform dual notched bands. By properly designing and placing strip patch near the feedline, the proposed M-EBG not only possesses a simple structure and compact size but also exhibi...

ebg enzyme, the second beta-galactosidase of Escherichia coli, does not normally convert lactose into an inducer of the lac operon. We previously reported the existence of a mutant ebg enzyme that does make such an inducer in vivo (Rolseth et al., J. Bacteriol. 142:1036-1039, 1980). Here I report that the mutant enzyme makes inducer from lactose in vitro and that the inducer is allolactose. Al...

In addition to information for current functions, the sequence of a gene includes potential information for the evolution of new functions. The wild-type ebgA (evolved beta-galactosidase) gene of Escherichia coli encodes a virtually inactive beta-galactosidase, but that gene has the potential to evolve sufficient activity to replace the lacZ gene for growth on the beta-galactoside sugars lactos...

In this paper, a hexagonal shape wearable antenna is presented .the proposed antenna is having EBG structure embed in the inner substrate layer. The antenna resonates at 2.45 GHz. When antenna is incorporated with EBG cell structure, it shows improvement in gain by 1.9 dB and 33% bandwidth improvement. The EBG structure consists of just a 3x3 elements but reduces backward radiations considerabl...

The objective of this paper is to analyze the performance of electromagnetic band gap (EBG) antenna for base station applications through simulation. The proposed analysis is carried out using the high frequency structure simulator (HFSS). In our method, to overcome several intrinsic limitations of patch antennas such as constrict bandwidth, low gain, excitation of surface waves, the EBG concep...

In order to increase the gain of patch antenna , a Mushroom-like EBG(Electromagnetic Band Gap ) structure is used . EBG structures enhance antenna’s characteristics directivity, bandwidth and efficiency Initially, we determined frequency band gap mushroom-like unit cell value by using ANSYS software The periodic arrangement such was not limited any inter connecting microstrip lines Different pa...

In this paper, single and dual band EBG structures for wider bandwidth are proposed. In each of the discussed EBGs, a metallic patch of regular geometry is chosen for the unit element. The patch is further modified by cutting slots to get extra inductance and capacitance which results into lower cut-off frequency and larger bandwidth. The proposed EBG structures are compared with the standard m...

In this paper, an ultra wideband antenna employing a defected ground structure is presented. The radiating element is a circular patch on which a fractal based geometry is inscribed in the form of slots and excited by a tapered feed-line for impedance matching. The antenna has an impedance bandwidth of 8.2 GHz (117% at centre frequency of 7GHz) and a peak gain around 6 dB. To improve the impeda...

With the ever-increasing need for wireless communication and the emergence of many systems, it is important to design broadband antennas to cover a wide frequency range. The aim of this paper is to design a broadband patch antenna, employing the three techniques of slotting, adding directly coupled parasitic elements, and fractal EBG structures. The bandwidth is improved from 9.32% to 23.77%. A...