The coming decade will bring a proliferation of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSSs) that are likely to enable a much wider range of demanding applications compared to the current GPS-only situation. One such important area of application is single-frequency real-time kinematic (RTK) positioning. Presently, however, such systems lack real-time performance. In this contribution we analyze...

Since the advent of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) people specialised in this area or connected with GIS at an administrative or user level have been looking for economical and productive means to accomplish data acquisition tasks. Because the data acquisition constitutes a major part of any GIS, the scientific community, especially geodetic surveyors, have come up with the real time kine...

Activation of distinct receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK), such as the products of the c-fms and c-kit proto-oncogenes, profoundly affects hematopoietic development. We have isolated a novel RTK cDNA, called met-related kinase (MRK), which is expressed on early erythroid progenitors. MRK is also expressed in many hematopoietic cell lines, and is not lineage restricted. Several regions within the c...

Structural and functional studies of ligand-RTK interactions over the last decade highlight the importance of multiple binding events and associated conformational changes in RTK ectodomains that are required for kinase activation. These events vary in strength, and even weak interactions appear to provide necessary increments of increased stability to a signal transduction process whose comple...

Improved accuracy and reliability of the user coordinates is expected if GNSS data is processed using the networkRTK technique. Some implementations of conventional network-RTK require bi-directional communications such as GSM/GPRS since the network server transmits network-corrections to a rover, while the rover is required to transmit its (approximate) coordinate information to the server. Th...

Abstract Currently, Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Real-Time Kinematic positioning (RTK) and Precise Point Positioning (PPP) techniques are widely employed for real-time monitoring of landslides. However, both RTK PPP have their limitations, such as limited service coverage or long convergence times. PPP-RTK technique which integrates is a novel approach landslides with the advantage...

The linotte (lio) mutant was first isolated as a memory mutant. The lio gene encodes a putative receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), homologous to the human protein RYK. This gene has been independently identified in a screen for embryonic nervous system axonal guidance defects and called derailed (drl). Here, we report that linotte mutants present structural brain defects in the adult central compl...

Robust biological signaling networks evolved, through gene duplications, from simple, relatively fragile cascades. Architectural features such as layered configuration, branching and modularity, as well as functional characteristics (e.g., feedback control circuits), enable fail-safe performance in the face of internal and external perturbations. These universal features are exemplified here us...