Hepatitis B virus (HBV) contains a small, partially double-stranded, relaxed circular (RC) DNA genome. RC DNA needs to be converted to covalently closed circular (CCC) DNA, which serves as the template for all viral RNA transcription. As a first step toward understanding how CCC DNA is formed, we analyzed the viral and host factors that may be involved in CCC DNA formation, using transient and ...

Rockwool (RC) and peat are two common substrates used worldwide in horticultural crop production. In recent years environmental and ecological concerns raised the demand for reducing the use of RC and peat. Although coconut coir (CC) has been increasingly used as an alternative to RC and peat, it is still needed to comprehensively evaluate the feasibility of CC before widely used. To meet this ...

BACKGROUND Rhizoma Chuanxiong (RC; Chuanxiong), which is the dried rhizome of Ligusticum chuanxiong (Umbelliferae), is commonly used in Chinese medicine (CM) for improving blood circulation and dispersing blood stasis. RC is usually processed before use in clinical practice to enhance its therapeutic efficacy. This study aimed to investigate the temporal variations of the major constituents of ...

Inspired by recent developments in particle physics, the so-called brane world cosmology seems to provide an alternative explanation for the present dark energy problem. In this paper, we use the estimated age of high-z objects to constrain the value of the cosmological parameters in some particular scenarios based on this large scale modification of gravity. We show that such models are compat...

This document describes the RC encryption algorithm a fast symmetric block cipher suitable for hardware or software imple mentations A novel feature of RC is the heavy use of data dependent rotations RC has a variable word size a variable number of rounds and a variable length secret key The encryption and decryption algorithms are exceptionally simple

The Rauhut-Currier (RC) reaction represents an efficient method for the construction of carbon-carbon bond in organic synthesis. However, the RC reactions involving allenoate substrates are very rare, and in particular, asymmetric intramolecular RC reaction of allenoates is yet to be discovered. Here, we show that the intramolecular RC reaction proceeds smoothly in the presence of 1 mol% β-ICD,...

The effect of somatostatin analogue RC-160 on the growth of hepatic metastases of colon cancer was investigated in rats using magnetic nes onance imaging. Experimental liver metastatic tumors were established in syngeneic BDIX rats after intrasplenic injection of DHD/K12 colon adenocarcinomacells. Each rat with implanted liver tumors receiveds.c. injections of somatostatin analogue RC-160 (50 @...

Double blind study presents clinical and laboratory estimation of root canal system (RC) cleaning by endodontic treatment of apical periodontitis by means of galvanophoresis of hydroxide copper-calcium (GP HCC). In 60 patients the amount and composition of RC fluid from incisors and canines by GP HCC were estimated within 2 weeks with three different galvano-pair and the efficiency of RC decont...

The present study examined the developmental relationship between morphological awareness (MA) and reading comprehension (RC) using a 2-year and four-wave cross-lagged design with a sample of 149 Chinese children (80 males and 69 females). We measured children's MA, word reading (WR), and RC from T1 to T4, in addition to phonological awareness, vocabulary knowledge, and general cognitive abilit...