Genetic/transcriptional regulatory interactions are shown to predict partial components of signaling pathways, which have been recognized as vital to complex human diseases. Both activator (A) and repressor (R) are known to coregulate their common target gene (T). Xu et al. (2002) proposed to model this coregulation by a fixed second order response surface (called the RS algorithm), in which T ...

This review highlights the progress and current status of remote sensing (RS) and geographical information systems (GIS) as currently applied to the problem of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The burden of P. falciparum malaria in SSA is first summarized and then contrasted with the paucity of accurate and recent information on the nature and extent of the disease. Th...

Analysis of spatial and temporal changes of vegetation cover using remote sensing (RS) technology, in conjunction with Geographic Information Systems (GIS), is becoming increasingly important in environmental conservation. The objective of this study was to use RS data and GIS techniques to assess the vegetation cover in 1989 and 2009, in the barangays (smallest administrative units) of the cit...

Beginning in 1970, the potential of remote sensing (RS) techniques, coupled with geographical information systems (GIS), to improve our understanding of the epidemiology and control of schistosomiasis in Africa, has steadily grown. In our current review, working definitions of RS, GIS and spatial analysis are given, and applications made to date with RS and GIS for the epidemiology and ecology ...

Soil erosion is one of the most important environmental problems, and it remains a major threat to the land use of mountainous environment. Runoff from eroding mountainous landscapes contains sediment and any nutrients, fertilizers that were present in the soil. Soil erosion may be reflected in reduced crop production potential, lower surface water quality and damaged drainage networks. Assessm...

— Man has mostly preferred to live in communes and settle in particular areas to survive. Together with the growth of population and immigration, these settlement areas have developed into cities in time. Depending on the rapid growth in science and technology, the economical, cultural and social structures of the cities and so their physical appearances change continuously. Within this rapid a...