Thioredoxin (TRX) is released from various types of mammalian cells despite no typical secretory signal sequence. We show here that a redox-active site in TRX is essential for its release from T lymphocytes in response to H2O2 and extracellular TRX regulates its own H2O2-induced release. Human T cell leukemia virus type I-transformed T lymphocytes constitutively release a large amount of TRX. T...

In chloroplasts, thioredoxin (TRX) isoforms and NADPH-dependent thioredoxin reductase C (NTRC) act as redox regulatory factors involved in multiple plastid biogenesis and metabolic processes. To date, less is known about the functional coordination between TRXs and NTRC in chlorophyll biosynthesis. In this study, we aimed to explore the potential functions of TRX m and NTRC in the regulation of...

Through the inhibition of monoamine oxidase type B (MAO-B), (-)-deprenyl (selegiline) prevents the conversion of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) to the toxic metabolite 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+) and also prevents the neurotoxicity in the dopaminergic neurons in animal models. Cumulative observations suggest that selegiline may also protect against MPP+-induced n...

An increased level of chondroitin sulfate (CS) expression on the cell surface is often associated with malignant transformation and the progression of tumor cells. In this study, CSs expressed on highly metastatic tumor cells were used as a target for the selective delivery of anticancer drugs by polyethylene glycol (PEG)-coated liposomes that contained a new cationic lipid 3,5-dipentadecycloxy...

We describe the isolation and characterization of a cDNA encoding maize (Zea mays L.) nucleoredoxin (NRX), a novel nuclear protein that is a member of the thioredoxin (TRX) superfamily. NRX is composed of three TRX-like modules arranged as direct repeats of the classic TRX domain. The first and third modules contain the amino acid sequence WCPPC, which indicates the potential for TRX oxidoreduc...

Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase (ASK) 1 was recently identified as a mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase kinase kinase which activates the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 MAP kinase pathways and is required for tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha-induced apoptosis; however, the mechanism regulating ASK1 activity is unknown. Through genetic screening for ASK1-binding proteins, thioredo...

Heme oxygenase (HO)-1 is a stress response protein that is regulated by oxidative stress. HO-1 catalyzes the generation of biliverdin, carbon monoxide, and iron from heme. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interleukin (IL)-1beta induce HO-1 through the binding of nuclear proteins to AP-1 motifs in enhancer regions upstream from the transcription start site. The DNA binding activity of AP-1 proteins ...

Streptococcus equi ssp. zooepidemicus (S. zooepidemicus, S.z) is one of the common pathogens that can cause septicemia, meningitis, and mammitis in domesticated species. M-like protein (SzP) is an important virulence factor of S. zooepidemicus and contributes to bacterial infection and antiphagocytosis. The interaction between SzP of S. zooepidemicus and porcine thioredoxin (TRX) was identified...

Protein S-nitrosation on cysteine residues has emerged as an important posttranslational modification in mammalian cells. Previous studies have suggested a primary role for thioredoxin (Trx) in controlling protein S-nitrosation reactions. Human Trx contains five conserved Cys, including two redox-active catalytic Cys (Cys32 and Cys35) and three non-active-site Cys (Cys62, Cys69, and Cys73), all...

Thioredoxins (Trxs) are small ubiquitous regulatory disulfide proteins. Plants have an unusually complex complement of Trxs composed of six well-defined types (Trxs f, m, x, y, h, and o) that reside in different cell compartments and function in an array of processes. The extraplastidic h type consists of multiple members that in general have resisted isolation of a specific phenotype. In analy...