During the last years, weighted timed automata (WTA) have received much interest in the real-time community. Weighted timed automata form an extension of timed automata and allow us to assign weights (costs) to both locations and edges. This model, introduced by Alur et al. (2001) and Behrmann et al. (2001), permits the treatment of continuous consumption of resources and has led to much resear...

The bacterial cell wall is an important and highly complex structure that is essential for bacterial growth because it protects bacteria from cell lysis and environmental insults. A typical Gram-positive bacterial cell wall is composed of peptidoglycan and the secondary cell wall polymers, wall teichoic acid (WTA) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA). In many Gram-positive bacteria, LTA is a polyglycero...

The winner-take-all (WTA) circuit is a useful computational circuit for signal processing and learning tasks. By adding spatial coupling between pixels, local regions of competition can be delineated. Recently, we described a normalising circuit which enhances Lazzaro’s WTA circuit (1989) only with the addition of a transistor and a global bias to each pixel. This new circuit allows the network...

One of the most robust findings in experimental analysis in economics is that subjects often display a large discrepancy between the dollar value they are willing to accept in order to sell an item (WTA) and the dollar value they are willing to pay to purchase it (WTP). We suggest that often when individuals face purchase or sale decisions, the actual private value of an object is uncertain. Th...

The mechanism by which chronic metabolic acidosis (CMA) regulates sodium (Na(+))-chloride (Cl(-)) cotransporter (NCC) in the renal distal convoluted tubules remains unexplored. We examined the role of STE20/SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase (SPAK) and with-no-lysine kinase 4 (WNK4) on expression of NCC in mouse models of CMA. CMA was induced by NH4Cl in wild type mice (WTA mice), SPAK, a...

The Weapon-Target Assignment (WTA) problem is one of the most important problems of military applications of operations research. The objective of the WTA problem is to find proper assignments of weapons to targets which minimize the expected damage of defensive side. The WTA problem is known to be NP-complete. In this paper, hybrid Nested Partitions (NP) method is proposed to solve WTA problem...

We propose a new explanation for the WTP/WTA disparity in experiments and surveys. Uncertainty, irreversibility and limited learning opportunities can generate commitment costs, driving a wedge between WTP and WTA. We present experimental evidence that supports our hypothesis.  2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

An additional stage for a Low Voltage Lazzaro’s Winner Take All (WTA) circuit is introduced. It allows lowering the voltage supply requirements so that it can be functional in fine line CMOS technology. Electrical measurements of a prototype in CMOS 0.5μm technology verify the operation of the WTA circuit with VDD = 1.5V. Simulations in PSpice and stability issues are presented as well.