It is necessary to calibrate SAR data in order to use the data for science applications. When both polarimetric and interferometric data are collected simultaneously, these SAR data can be used for cross-calibration and verification. The frequency of polarimetric and interferometric data does not have to be the same for this purpose. For example, the NASA/JPL AIRSAR system can acquire C-band in...

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data are affected by speckle noise, originated by the SAR system’s coherent nature. The problem of speckle noise in one-dimensional (1-D) data is already solved, as speckle has a multiplicative characteristic. SAR polarimetry represents an extension to multidimensional data by the use of polarization wave diversity. As a consequence of the existence of a correlati...

Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a plant defense response in which an initial localized infection affords enhanced pathogen resistance to distant, uninfected leaves. SAR requires efficient long-distance signaling between the infected leaf, where SAR signals are generated, and the distant uninfected leaves that receive them. A growing body of evidence indicates that the lipid transfer prote...

Recognition of occluded objects in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images is a signi0cant problem for automatic target recognition. Stochastic models provide some attractive features for pattern matching and recognition under partial occlusion and noise. In this paper, we present a hidden Markov modeling based approach for recognizing objects in SAR images. We identify the peculiar characteristi...

This investigation was undertaken to ascertain the effect of simulated acid rain (SAR) on growth, yield and physiological parameters of tomato. SAR exposure (pH 3.0 and 4.0) caused white-to-tan spots on the abaxial and adaxial surface of tomato leaves. SAR exposure at pH 3.0 and 4.0 significantly suppressed pigment synthesis, shoot and root dry weights and yield of tomato. The effects were more...

In recent years a new generation of high-resolution SAR satellites became operational like the Canadian Radarsat-2, the Italian Cosmo/Skymed, and the German TerraSAR-X systems. The spatial resolution of such devices achieves the meter domain or even below. Key products derived from remote sensing imagery are Digital Elevation Models (DEM). Based on SAR data various techniques can be applied for...

Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a response to pathogen infection that renders plants more resistant to subsequent infection (reviewed in Grant and Lamb, 2006). It is characterized by salicylic acid (SA) accumulation both at the initial point of infection and throughout the plant and involves the induction of certain pathogenesis-related (PR) genes. The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) is...

A theoretical model is developed to describe the interferometric coherency between pairs of SAR images of rough soil surfaces. The model is derived using a dyadic form for surface reflectivity in the Kirchhoff approximation. This permits the combination of Kirchhoff theory and spotlight synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image formation theory. The resulting model is used to describe the interferom...

Conventional SAR processing techniques generally assume that targets have a stationary behavior during the SAR integration. However, SAR sensors operating at lower frequencies, like Land P-band, have a wide antenna characteristic in azimuth; i.e. during the formation of the synthetic aperture, multiple squint-angles are integrated to build the full-resolution SAR image. In this paper, a fully p...

Multibaseline (MB) SAR tomography (Tomo-SAR) is an advanced mode of SAR interferometry, allowing full 3D imaging of volumetric and layover scatterers along the azimuth, range and height dimensions. Recently, this technique has also been extended in a polarimetric sense (PolTomo-SAR), exploiting MB SAR data acquired with different polarization channels. In this way, the joint estimation is possi...