The following article is a literature review of supraphysiologic doses of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS). This article contains a brief review of the history of AAS, the chemistry of the varying forms of AAS, and proposed mechanisms of action. The article then focuses on how AAS are used in an illicit manner by the general population. Terms such as "stacking" and "pyramiding" are discussed....

BACKGROUND Asian Americans (AAs) and Native Hawaiians/Pacific Islanders (NHs/PIs) are the fastest growing segments of the US population. However, their population sizes are small, and thus AAs and NHs/PIs are often aggregated into a single racial/ethnic group or omitted from research and health statistics. The groups' substance use disorders (SUDs) and treatment needs have been under-recognized...

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514 1. What Are Androgenic-Anabolic Steroids (AAS)? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516 2. Limitations of Research on the Effects of AAS in Athletes . . . . . . . . . . . . ...

Charged amino acids (AAs) are targets for selective forces in protein evolution. To fully explore the trend of charged AA frequencies evolution in macroevolutionary process from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, we extend the analysis of five charged AAs separately and total basic and acidic AAs in protein sequences of 158 prokaryotic and 63 eukaryotic predicted proteomes and 456 clusters of orthologo...

Rats were injected subcutaneously with a5S042and [I-t4Clascorbic acid. A compound was isolated from rat liver and spleen which had chromatographic properties identical to synthetic ascorbic acid 2-sulfate (AAS). This compound gave a positive methanolic FeCla reaction, contained radioactive sulfur, and on hydrolysis it degraded to ~sSO42 and il~C]ascorbic acid. The isolated compound possessed id...

This study compared exercise-induced hypoalgesia (EIH) between African Americans (AAs, n=16) and non-Hispanic Whites (NHWs, n=16), and examined the potential influence of physical activity (PA) on the racial/ethnic difference in EIH. The PA levels were quantified using a questionnaire, and intensity of electrical stimulus to produce moderate pain was individually determined. Participants squeez...

Repeated high dose (5.0 mg/kg) anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) exposure during adolescence stimulates offensive aggression in male Syrian hamsters. These studies examined whether AAS-induced aggression was regulated by the activity of serotonin (5HT) type-1B receptors and correlated with altered 5HT1B expression. AAS-treated hamsters were tested for offensive aggression following the administ...

Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) comprise a large and growing class of synthetic androgens used clinically to promote tissue-building in individuals suffering from genetic disorders, injuries, and diseases. Despite these beneficial therapeutic applications, the predominant use of AAS is illicit: these steroids are self-administered to promote athletic performance and body image. Hand in hand ...

BACKGROUND The incidence of hyperkalemia caused by mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists may vary by race, but whether race influences efficacy of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in heart failure (HF) is unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS We assessed hyperkalemia and outcomes in African Americans (AAs; n=120) and non-AAs (n=1543; white 93%) with New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III o...