In our continued efforts to explore the antidiabetic potential of pregnanes from Apocynaceae, especially Asclepiadoideae subfamily, sixteen derivatives 1-16 previously isolated various Cynanchum species, have been evaluated for their ability increase glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) release in a cell assay. As result, otophylloside A (2), wilfoside C1N (13), and C3N (16) were found stimulate sig...

1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) [1,25(OH)(2)D] has been shown to inhibit development of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in mice but can also cause hypercalcemia. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether β-glucuronides of vitamin D could deliver 1,25(OH)(2)D to the colon to ameliorate colitis while reducing the risk of hypercalcemia. Initial studies demonstrated that bacteria residi...

The phytochemical investigation of Gymnocarpos decander aerial parts extract afforded two new saponins, 3-O-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl-2β,3β,16α,23-tetrahydroxyolean-12-en-28-O-β-D-apiofuranosyl-(1 → 3)-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-α-L-arabinopyranosyl ester (1), 3-O-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl-2β,3β,16α-trihydroxyolean-12-en-28-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1...

The composition of hydro-distilled essential oils of Phlomis anisodonta Boiss. subsp. occidentalis Jamzad in vegetative, flowering and post flowering stages were investigated using GC and GC-MS, leading to identification of 41, 26 and 23 compounds, respectively. In all three samples, sesquiterpenes were the main components. In vegetative stage the main components of the oil were germacrene-D (1...

Let β > 1, d a positive integer, and Zβ,d = {z1z2 · · · | ∑ i>1 ziβ −i = 0, zi ∈ {−d, . . . , d}} be the set of infinite words having value 0 in base β on the alphabet {−d, . . . , d}. Based on a recent result of Feng on spectra of numbers, we prove that if the set Zβ,⌈β⌉−1 is recognizable by a finite Büchi automaton then β is a Pisot number. As a consequence of previous results, the set Zβ,d i...

Let β > 1, d a positive integer, and Zβ,d = {z1z2 · · · | ∑ i>1 ziβ −i = 0, zi ∈ {−d, . . . , d}} be the set of infinite words having value 0 in base β on the alphabet {−d, . . . , d} ⊂ Z. Based on a result of Feng on spectra of numbers, we prove that if the set Zβ,⌈β⌉−1 is recognizable by a finite Büchi automaton then β must be a Pisot number. As a consequence of previous results, the set Zβ,d...