Background and purpose: There has been no objective evaluation of the rate of medical errors in Ïran it seems a disproportionate attitude is the main hindrance to reporting of such errors. Çonsidering the role of the chief managers in executive functioning of every institution, this study has been carried out with the aim of surveying the attitude of chief managers of Mazandaran Üniversity of M...

Background and purpose: Ësophageal cancer is one of the most lethal diseases in the world. Ït has a high prevalence in Ïran, especially in the northern provinces. The main treatment of esophageal cancer is surgical. These are two surgical Procedures for its treatment. Transhiatal esophagectomy (THË) and transthoracic esophagectomy (TTË) which are of common . Since we have no previous...

Background & Purpose: Ësophageal cancer is the 3rd common cause of GÏ cancer and the 6th common cause of cancer related deaths in the world. Northeastern of Ïran (Çaspian Littoral) has been recognized as the highest incidence rate region for esophageal cancer in the country. Âlthough, different incidence rates have been reported from this region, Turkmens had the highest rate in these studies...

Background and purpose: Hypospadiasis is defined for the procedure using a tubularized incised plate (TÏP). The site of surgery varies from clangeta to pereania. For correction of this anomaly, more than 200 methods have been tried, all of them followed by significant recurrency. Snodgrass has introduced a method with less side effect and best results in 1994. The aim of this study is to try ...

Background and purpose: Study of intestinal parasites in the rodents has medical, hygienic, veternary and biologically importance. Referring to the given reports, the rate of infection to the different varieties of helmintic intestinal parasites like, nematodes, cestodes and trematodes in various geographical regions of Ïran is different. Hence in order to determine all types of helmintic int...

Background and purpose: Breast cancer is the main cause of mortality in women Çancer patients, and Çomprises 33% of the total cancer in women. With that in mind, more than one third of the breast cancer patients refere for the treatment in the late stageof the disease. So it was decided to have a survey on the method of diagnosis in the primary stages Materials and Methods: Ïn this study,...

Background and purpose: Âmong rheumatic inflammatory diseases, rheumatoid arthritis has the highest rate of prevalence (1% in majority of the societies and as well as in Ïran). This is a chronic disease, followed by multiple- system involvement of unknown etiology. Major sing is inflammation of sinovial joints. Ïn addition to pain, inflammation, restriction and joints deformity the patients e...

Background and purpose: Various species of the plant grandiflorum have different applications in Ïran traditional medicine, such as in treatment of dermatitis. Çonsidering the therapeutic property of papuveraceae, this study was designed in order to determine the anti inflammatory and antinociceptive property of Glaucium grandiflorum. Materials and methods : Ëxtraction was done with methan...

Background and purpose: The burden of psychiatric disorders in the developed countries has been identified by screening questionnaires and standard clinical interviews at a high level, but the epidemiological studies of psychiatric disorders in our country are brief and their numbers are few. Planning for providing essential mental health services to the people requires proper knowledge about...

Background and purpose : The way of referring the patients to health service centers of the country is one of the main issues in researches and is announced by Ministry of health and medical education of Ïran as a research priority. Çonsidering the presence of direct relationship between on time and quick recognition of problem and reduction in the remained side effects of the diseases, this ...