We show a simple application of Zuckerman's ampliication technique to the classiication problem of the probabilistic polynomial time hierarchy formed by interleaving all possible oracle classes from BPP, RP, coRP and ZPP, in any nite number of levels. In the fault tolerant model introduced by Cai, Hemachandra and Vysko c, we arrive at a complete classiication.

OBJECTIVE Recent work has suggested that within-breath respiratory impedance measurements performed using the forced oscillation technique may help to noninvasively evaluate respiratory mechanics. We investigated the influence of airway obstruction on the within-breath forced oscillation technique in smokers and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients and evaluated the contribution of th...

Previous studies have suggested that delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) types 1-2 or 2-2 are protective against the toxicity of blood lead (PbB) when zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) levels are low because of differential binding of lead in erythrocytes. The hypothesis is that subjects with the ALAD 1-1 genotype are more susceptible to lead exposure with impaired hematologic synthesis and th...

The Minimum Circuit Size Problem (MCSP) is known to be hard for statistical zero knowledge via a BPP-reduction (Allender and Das, 2014), whereas establishing NP-hardness of MCSP via a polynomial-time many-one reduction is difficult (Murray and Williams, 2015) in the sense that it implies ZPP 6= EXP, which is a major open problem in computational complexity. In this paper, we provide strong evid...

The potential effects of proposed lead-zinc mining in an ecologically sensitive area were assessed by studying a nearby mining district that has been exploited for about 30 y under contemporary environmental regulations and with modern technology. Blood and liver samples representing fish of three species (largescale stoneroller, Campostoma oligolepis, n=91; longear sunfish, Lepomis megalotis, ...

This paper shows that the Discrete Logarithm Problem is in ZPP (where MCSP is the Minimum Circuit Size Problem). This result improves the previous bound that the Discrete Logarithm Problem is in BPP Allender et al. (2006). In doing so, this paper helps classify the relative difficulty of the Minimum Circuit Size Problem.

We show that for any constant a, ZPP/b(n) strictly contains ZPTIME(n)/b(n) for some b(n) = O(log n log log n). Our techniques are very general and give the same hierarchy for all the common promise time classes including RTIME, NTIME ∩ coNTIME, UTIME, MATIME, AMTIME and BQTIME. We show a stronger hierarchy for RTIME: For every constant c, RP/1 is not contained in RTIME(n)/(log n). To prove this...