In this paper, we explore the use of distance and co-occurrence information of word-pairs for language modeling. We attempt to extract this information from history-contexts of up to ten words in size, and found it complements well the n-gram model, which inherently suffers from data scarcity in learning long history-contexts. Evaluated on the WSJ corpus, bigram and trigram model perplexity wer...

Research on the history of words has led to remarkable insights about language and also about the history of human civilization more generally. This paper presents the Etymological Wordnet, the first database that aims at making word origin information available as a large, machine-readable network of words in many languages. The information in this resource is obtained from Wiktionary. Extract...

A statistical analysis of polysemy in sixteen English and French dictionaries has revealed that, in each dictionary, the number of senses per word has a near-exponential distribution. A probabilistic model of historical semantics is presented which explains this distribution. This mathematical model also provides a means of estimating the average number of distinct concepts per word, which was ...

A counterintuitive and theoretically important pattern of results in the visual word recognition literature is that both word frequency and stimulus quality produce large but additive effects in lexical decision performance. The additive nature of these effects has recently been called into question by Masson and Kliegl (in press), who used linear mixed effects modeling to provide evidence that...

An enormous amount of handwritten information exists that is potentially very useful for family history research. However, finding information of interest is a daunting task unless the handwriting is transcribed or indexed so that it can be digitally searched. Transcription / indexing is typically done manually because automatic handwriting recognition (HR) is not yet accurate enough to provide...

This article makes three claims concerning the concept of contingency. First, we argue that the word contingency is used in far too many ways to be useful. Its many meanings are detrimental to clarity of discussion and thought in history and the social sciences. We show how there are eight distinct uses of the word and illustrate this with numerous examples from the social sciences and history,...

We investigate the utility of right-context (lookahead information) in incremental left-to-right language models with word sense disambiguation, and discover somewhat unexpectedly that using right-context in addition to left-context (history) may actually reduce accuracy. We employ word sense disambiguation as one component of a language model designed to allow hypothesis to be evaluated increm...

Šolski etimološki slovar slovenskega jezika 2022 ('Learner's Etymological Dictionary of Slovene 2022') is based on the need to provide younger users, who as yet lack sufficient linguistic and historical background gain insight into history prehistory words they use a daily basis. With this in mind, etymological explanations are provided simplified manner without compromising scholarly veracity....

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized by conflicting findings of both increased and decreased amygdala and prefrontal reactivity to threat or trauma stimuli. Childhood maltreatment (CM), a potent risk factor for PTSD, exerts long-lasting influences on threat processing and prefrontal-amygdala function. This suggests that CM history may influence PTSD neural phenotypes related to...