Proof theory and semantics of an adaptive logic that deals adequately with change in individuals with or without a name are presented. New logical constants are introduced, viz. indicators. Within a given context they function as names, predicates and quantifiers at the same time. The thus extended language (of classical logic) has a big expressive power and solves —partly— the (classical) non-...

This paper describes a manual investigation of the contradiction asymmetries of the SICK corpus, which is the intended testing set for a new system for natural language inference. Any system providing conceptual semantics for sentences, so that entailment-contradiction-neutrality relations between sentences can be identified, needs a baseline test set. The investigation of this test set, a part...

Walking is a state of unbalanced body. Not to fall down, it takes a way. Technology is another state of progress depending unbalanced structures of human functions and relations. In balanced societies and cultures which are being considered as technologically primitive, what we see is lack of technology, but a state of balance and order. It is not surprising to see that great technological deve...

We show that the one-way ANOVA and Tukey–Kramer (TK) tests agree on any sample with two groups. This result is based a simple identity connecting Fisher–Snedecor studentized probabilistic distributions proven without additional assumptions; in particular, standard assumptions (independence, normality, homoscedasticity (INAH)) are not needed. In contrast, it known for k>2 groups of observatio...

Introduction. Turbulence in the field of public finance on both national and global scale testifies to existence unresolved problems reconciling scientific postulates behind transformation development institution state. Crisis early twentieth century pandemic 2019-2020 have revealed ineffectiveness liberal models statehood, thus heightening urgency reinforcing efforts directed at studying fixin...

The concept of motion in Madhyamaka is treated as empty, i.e. having no referent reality, for any change including the position an object space generated by unenlightened saṃsāric consciousness. Mādhyamikas teaching on was compared some scholars with views ancient Greek philosophical school Eleatics, who also unthinkable. But, while Eleatic considered true being to be absolute rest, rest empty ...

For some time we have been developing, and have had significant practical success with, a time-sensitive, contradiction-tolerant logical reasoning engine called the active logic machine (ALMA). The current paper details a semantics for a version of the underlying logical formalism, active logic. Central to active logic are special rules controlling the inheritance of beliefs in general (and of ...

Our purpose is to deene a semantics that extends Well Founded Semantics for programs with classical negation, and which avoids the absence of models caused by contradictions brought about by closed world assumptions. This extension relies on allowing to take back such closed world assumptions, through making their truth value become undeened, and thus permiting noncontradictory models to appear...

The Semantic Tableaux method is a formalisation of proof in predicate logic which works by backward chaining: that is, proof by contradiction rather than deduction. In seeking to establish whether a sentence A is a logical consequence of a set of axioms Γ we instead assume that Γ holds yet A is falsethen proceed systematically by a version of the tree method for logical decomposition and hope t...