End-to-end protocols lack the functionality to efficiently adjust their error control strategies to the distinct characteristics of network environments and to specific constraints of communicating devices. In the context of heterogeneous networks, error control needs to be responsive to the nature of the errors spanning a conservative-through-to-aggressive behavioral spectrum. In the context o...

Total loss of columella causes significant aesthetic and functional deformities due to its important functions which provides assistance extension the nose pointer. Noma is described as one developed sources total columellar loss, also contagious, with ability intensely damage facial tissues immediate structures. However, condition predominantly suffered in Africa, an estimation 20 instances pe...

BACKGROUND Posterior glottic stenosis is a complication of prolonged intubation, manifesting as airway stenosis that may mimic bilateral vocal cord paralysis. It presents a variety of features that mandate specific surgical interventions. OBJECTIVES To summarize our experience with PSG and its working diagnosis. METHODS We conducted a retrospective review of a cohort of adult patients with ...

INTRODUCTION Saddle nose deformity due to autoimmune diseases such as Wegener's Granulomatosis and Relapsing Polychondritis is aesthetically, functionally and psychologically distressing for patients. However, "reliable" options for surgical correction remain limited in the literature. We present our experience of augmentation rhinoplasty in this patient population focussing on the techniques a...

BACKGROUND Total auricular reconstruction in congenital lobule type microtia is one of the most challenging problems faced by a reconstructive surgeon as it demands precise surgical technique combined with artistic creativity. Ear reconstruction requires carefully planned procedures. METHODS We present a simple method for auricular reconstruction consisting of three stages. The first stage is...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate a new surgical method, using calvarial bone graft combined with a wedge of irradiated homologous costal cartilage, for the revision repair of posttraumatic enophthalmos. METHODS This retrospective study was performed from January 1, 2003, through December 31, 2007. Eight patients were diagnosed as having unilateral posttraumatic enophthalmos. All the patients had previou...