A fast mode collisionless bow shock is a permanent feature of the solar wind interaction with the earth. The shock is approxim_ately stationary in earth coordinates, its structure, however, changes in space due to different B; values, and in time, due to different solar wind conditions (Mach number M and 8, T,/ TI...). The earth's bow shock has revealed itself as an impressive tool for studying...

Introduction The latest studies of the overall characteristics of hypersonic flying vehicles with airbreathing engines have shown that these vehicles are fairly promising. Some additional problems arise, however, that are related to the definition of the general shape of the aircraft, the choice of propulsion type and operation regimes, the engine size and position on the aircraft body. There h...

The 3-D structure of the solar wind varies dramatically along the Sun’s activity cycle. In the present paper we focus on some properties of the polar solar wind. This is a fast, teneous, and steady flow (as compared to low-latitude conditions) that fills the high-latitude heliosphere at low solar activity. The polar wind has been extensively investigated by Ulysses, the first spacecraft to perf...

This paper explores the viability of relying on wind power to replace upwards of 60% of electricity generation in Alberta that would be lost if coal-fired generation is phased out. Using hourly wind data from 17 locations across Alberta, we are able to simulate the potential wind power output available to the Alberta grid when modern, 3.5 MW-capacity wind turbines are spread across the province...

Abstract High-frequency wind measurements from Saildrone autonomous surface vehicles are used to calculate stress in the tropical east Pacific. Comparison between direct covariance (DC) and bulk estimates demonstrates very good agreement. Building on previous work that showed input data were reliable, our results lend credibility DC estimates. Wind flow distortion by Saildrones is comparable or...

711 The coastal upwelling regimes located along the eastern boundaries of the Pacific and Atlantic Ocean basins are small in size, but make a disproportionate contribution to the productivity and microbial biogeochemistry of the ocean. These regimes include the California and Peru/Humboldt current systems in the Pacific, and the Canary and Benguela current systems in the Atlantic. Their charact...

We study prompt optical emission from reverse shocks in the wind-type gamma-ray bursts. The emission is evaluated in both the thick and thin shell regimes. We discuss the angular time delay effect and the post-shock evolution of the fireball ejecta, which determine the decay index of the prompt optical emission and the duration of the radio flare. We discuss distinct emission signatures of the ...