Causality and probability in the sciences Towards the end of the nineteenth century Karl Pearson noted that a prob-abilistic dependence between two variables does not necessarily imply that the two variables are causally connected (Pearson, 1897). This led Pearson, in the third (1911) edition of his book Pearson (1892), to argue that talk of cause and effect should be eradicated from science in...

In a short section of his book Vagueness, Timothy Williamson attempts to resolve a paradox regarding the expansion of Wittgenstein’s ‘family resemblance’ concepts, as they are described in his Philosophical Investigations Williamson contends that certain ‘family resemblance’ concepts such as “game” seem to have the capability to expand through a network of resemblances to become applicable to e...

In this paper, we consider the max-cut problem as studied by Goemans and Williamson [8]. Since the problem is NP-hard in general, following Goemans and Williamson, we apply the approximation method based on the semidefinite programming (SDP) relaxation. In fact, the estimated worst-case performance ratio is dependent on the data of the problem with α being a uniform lower bound. In light of thi...

acids and ketone bodies in the circulation, and there is a need to conserve glucose because of the relatively low carbohydrate content of the milk (for review see Williamson, 1985). During this period of development, brown adipose tissue has a vital role in thermogenesis, and the level of GDP-binding to brown-fat mitochondria is considerably increased (Sundin & Cannon, 1980). The weight of inte...

this work concerns the peristaltic flow of a williamson fluid model in an inclined asymmetric channel under combined effects of heat and mass transfer. the governing nonlinear partial differential equations are simplified under the lubrication approach and then solved analytically and numerically. the analytical results are computed with the help of regular perturbation and the numerical result...