We examine the pass-through of wholesale prices to retail prices in the market for E85, which contains 51% – 83% ethanol, and in the much larger market for E10 (regular unleaded gasoline), which contains 10% ethanol. We use a panel data set consisting of monthly observations from 2007-March 2015 on wholesale and retail prices for 274 Minnesota gas stations that sell both E10 and E85. The E10 ma...

in this research the activity of 75 producers, 55 wholesalers and 55 retailers, citrus market of jahrom county was investigated. the results indicated that margin of wholesale, retail and total margin of citrus in this county was 1461.1, 1480.3, and 2941.4 rs respectively. share of producer from marginal price was estimated to be 57.9 percent and share of wholesaler was more than retailer. in t...

Garlic is one of the export crops which has a global reputation in terms of taste and quality. Zanjan province produces 23 percent of total garlic crop of Iran and is one the hubs of garlic production in the country. Effective factors on marketing of garlic is not well studied in this province. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is analysis of factors affecting marketing of garlic in zan...

Several macroeconomic models of business cycles rely on the assumption that …rms adjust prices infrequently to generate the short-run non-neutrality of money documented by the literature on monetary transmission. These models posit di¤erent mechanisms to generate price stickiness, with correspondingly di¤erent implications for in‡ation dynamics. While empirical implications regarding the respon...

Asymmetric pricing is the phenomenon where prices rise more readily than they fall. We articulate, and provide empirical support for, a theory of asymmetric pricing in wholesale prices. In particular, we show how wholesale prices may be asymmetric in the small but symmetric in the large, when retailers face costs of price adjustments. Such retailers will not adjust prices for small changes in t...

objective: international diabetes organization estimates that there are 285 million people worldwide who suffer from diabetes, and this figure is expected to increase to 450 million in next 20 years. according to statistics issued by the world health organization, diabetes is considered among ten leading causes of death in world and its prevalence in the population is growing.this paper deals w...

Vertical separation of generation from electricity retailing has often been required as a condition of electricity market liberalisation. A well-developed and liquid contracts market is similarly suggested as necessary to manage the resulting wholesale market risks, which risks are further exacerbated by competition. Such contracts markets are rare, however, and increasingly evidence is emergin...

Almost all research into the operations and behavior of salespeople has focused on sales at the retail level. But in many supply chains, manufacturers use a sales force to promote sales and improve coordination with retailers. In this note, we add an important piece to the science of sales operations by investigating the impact of two primary tasks performed by wholesale-salespersons: (1) enhan...