OBJECTIVES To review current knowledge of tooth whitening with respect to external bleaching methods. DATA The scope is the external bleaching of vital teeth and focuses on mechanisms; in vivo and in vitro measurement methods, and factors influencing the efficacy of the whitening process. SOURCES "Medline" and "ISI Web of Science" databases from 1966 and 1974, respectively were searched ele...

This article investigates the extent to which the emerging trend of do-it-yourself anti-ageing skin-whitening products represents a re-articulation of Western colonial concerns with environmental pollution and racial degeneracy into concern with gendered vulnerability. This emerging market is a multibillion dollar industry anchored in the USA, but expanding globally. Do-it-yourself anti-ageing ...

INTRODUCTION Whitening toothpastes which have been accepted in populations may affect properties of enamel and restorative materials. The aim of this study was to compare the microhardness of human enamel and Z250 microhybrid composite resin after brushing with two whitening toothpastes. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this experimental study of enamel specimens, forty five freshly extracted human i...

A general two-stage multiple description coding (MDC) scheme using whitening transforms is analyzed. It represents the original image in a form of a coarse image approximation and a residual image. The coarse approximation is subsequently duplicated and combined with the residual image further split into two descriptions using a chessboard block transform coefficients rearrangement. We identify...

Tooth whitening has become increasingly popular; according to the American Academy of Cosmetic Dentistry, Americans spend 1.4 billion dollars per year on tooth whitening. There are several approaches including use abrasives for mechanical removal material, colorants, and oxidation chromophores that make stains [1,2].

Skin care cosmetics frequently contain whitening or lightening agents. The present study aimed to establish in vitro methods for predicting chemical leukoderma caused by whitening agents in cosmetics. The risks of chemical leukoderma were predicted based on percutaneous absorption rates, toxic concentrations, and toxicity mechanisms. Thus, in vitro skin permeation rate and cytotoxic concentrati...

Level of Service of Safety is a new concept in the field of traffic safety in China and developed countries, it is a quality indicator which is used to describe the road traffic safety situation and roads providing service of traffic safety for traffic participants. Introducing the study status of the Level of Service of Safety in China and developed countries, the definition of the concept, ap...

This study investigated the effects of silkworm hemolymph-derived storage protein 2 (SP2) on the whitening process in mouse B16F1 melanoma cells. After the cells were treated with various concentrations of SP2 (0.1 1.0 mg/mL), cytotoxicity, melanin contents, and differences in mRNA and protein expression associated with melanogenesis were observed. No cytotoxicity was observed when cells were t...

This article explores how race and color labels are used to describe people in an Afro-Peruvian community. This article is based on analyses of 88 interviews and 18 months of fieldwork in an African-descended community in Peru. The analyses of these data reveal that, if we consider race and color to be conceptually distinct, there is no “mulatto escape hatch,” no social or cultural whitening, a...