Balsam poplar seeds are short-lived and require moist seedbeds soon after they are released to germinate. In addition to sexual reproduction, balsam poplar stands can regenerate clonally by root suckering. The origin of stands will in turn affect their genetic structure and root system architecture, which are poorly understood for upland forest stands. Three stands were hydraulically excavated ...

treatment. These rates agree with those reported by Ames ( 1966), but are higher than those reported by Fisher et al. (1959). However, the cost stated by Fisher did not include labor at $2.00 per man hour. Based on the number of trees killed, basal spray is an economical method to kill small and medium size trees (Table 4). Costs ranged from 11 to 18 cents per dead tree, depending on the size a...

Fallen woody debris, standing dead trees (taller than 1.3 m) and stumps (shorter than 1.3 m) constitute a large portion of total above-ground carbon in tropical and temperate forests (Keller et al. 2004; Rice et al. 2004). In addition to being an important carbon pool, aboveground necromass is important in nutrient cycling, water retention, fuel load, and as resources for many organisms. Despit...

Significant areas of the southern USA periodically experience intense drought that can lead to episodic tree mortality events. Because drought tolerance varies among species and size of trees, such events can alter the structure and function of terrestrial ecosystem in ways that are difficult to detect with local data sets or solely with remote-sensing platforms. We investigated a widespread tr...

Clearcutting has been identified as a main threat to forest biodiversity. In the last few decades, alternatives to clearcutting have gained much interest. Living and dead trees are often retained after harvest to serve as structural legacies to mitigate negative effects of forestry. However, this practice is widely employed without information from systematic before-after control-impact studies...

To study the effects of wildfire on population genetics of a wind pollinated and wind dispersed tree, we have analyzed the genetic structure of a post-fire, naturally regenerating seedling population of Pinus halepensis Miller, on Mt. Carmel, Israel. We tested the existence of spatial genetic structure, which is expected due to the special spatial demographic structure of the post-fire seedling...

Dendrometers recording stem diameter variations (SDV) at high-resolution are useful to assess trees' water relation since reserves stored in the elastic tissue of bark. These tissues typically shrink during day as they release when evaporative demand is high and swell night replenished low, generating typical SDV profile known diel cycle. However, similar cycles have been observed on dead trees...

Studies of forest declines are important, because they both reduce timber production and affect successional trajectories of landscapes and ecosystems. Of particular interest is the decline of red pines which is characterized by expanding areas of dead and chlorotic trees in plantations throughout the Great Lakes Region. Here we examine the impact of two bark beetle groups, namely red turpentin...

The redbay ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus glabratus Eichhoff (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), and its fungal symbiont, Raffaelea sp., are new introductions to the southeastern United States responsible for the wilt of mature redbay, Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng., trees. In 2006 and 2007, we investigated the seasonal flight activity of X. glabratus, its host associations, and population level...

The present study aims at discussing whether metaphors in the Qur’an, revealed more than 1400 years ago, are dead, moribund or live and how these three types of metaphors have been translated in three English and three Persian translations of the Qur’an. The results reveal that among 70 metaphors examined, while only about 32.85% are live metaphors, about 67.14% are moribund, but none of the ca...