Female genital mutilation in different parts of the African continent isconsidered as one of the vast territory’s social problems. This social problem whichis accounted as an old tradition in different countries of the African continent hashad so many unpleasant physical and mental effects on urban and rural Africanwomen during recent centuries. Throughout recent decades, considerable effortsha...

Western Asia has recently become an arena for significant upheavals of various kinds, be it political, safety-related, geopolitical, social, etc. These have in turn focalized the salience of the region as well as its ensuing situation and challenges on a global perspective. Such a naturally-born phenomenon is characterized, amidst other factors, by its transregional quality, granting it some so...

The ‘Need to Know’ concept is often quoted but rarely defined in the literature. In general the principle directs that unless an individual has a specific reason to have access to a piece of information then that access is denied. The concept is used extensively in privacy legislation throughout Western Nations. The principle is investigated with respect to its use in the protection of personal...

Throughout the 20th century, Jews have been greatly over-represented in western nations among intellectual elites, in the universities, and among the higher socio-economic classes. The two principal theories that have been advanced to explain this are that Jews have high intelligence and, alternatively, that they have cultural values that promote success. We review the evidence and present new ...

Community development approaches to integrated health care planning and delivery has had a chequered history—both in ‘Western’ economies and developing nations. As the authors point out: ‘‘As whealthx practitioners we are aware that the rhetoric about the importance of engaging communities and building community capacity is not always matched with resources«.The re-orientation of governments an...

One measure of social welfare in a society is the economic health of dependent populations, such as the elderly and children. The well-being of these two groups relative to the working-aged population indicates a distribution of income that promotes security at all stages of life. But what of a society that protects its aged much better than it protects its children? This anomalous situation oc...