purpose: the antigen binding fragments of camelids heavy chain antibodies are comprised in one single domain (vhh). the crystal structure of an isolated vhh indicated that it is a problate particle of 2.5 nm in diameter and ∼4 nm high, and has been referred to as a nanobody. the very close similarity of these molecules to human vhs illustrates the potential application of these novel products ...

modernity is a reality that formed in framework of the enlightenment movement and histo-cultural context of west european countries as an internal process. because of the disseminating nature of modernity, its waves spread across the non-western countries. this article focuses on the outcomes of imported modernity in intellectual level of the non-western countries. for analyzing this topic, rus...

systemic sclerosis is a generalized disorder of connective tissue clinically characterized by thickening and fibrosis of the skin and by distinctive forms of involvement of internal organs. one of the hallmarks of systemic sclerosis is the presence of serum autoantibodies against a variety of nuclear and cytoplasmic antigens. the primary purpose of this study was to identify the autoantibodies ...

background: vp4 protein is as spikes on rotavirus outer capsid shell which is responsible for virus attachment to the host. vp4 induces production of neutralizing antibodies which could be used for serotyping of different isolates. methods: simian rotavirus sa11 gene 4 cdna was cloned into a cloning plasmid pdonrtm by recombination reaction using clonase ii enzyme mix. the resulting clone was c...

background: elevated level of plasma homocysteine has been related to various diseases. patients with hyperhomocysteinemia can develop hepatic steatosis and fibrosis. we hypothesized that oxidative stress induced by homocysteine might play an important role in pathogenesis of liver injury. also, the cellular response designed to combat oxidative stress is primarily controlled by the transcripti...

Background: Preeclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy specific syndrome that is associated with high maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Glucose regulated protein78 (GRP78) is an Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) protein which is expressed on the cell surfaces of trophoblast cells under stress or hypoxic condition. GRP78 has a role in aggressive behavior of invasive cells and may play a role in normal ...

Background: Rabies virus (RABV) is a deadly neurotropic virus that causes the disease of rabies in humans and animals. L protein is one of the large structural protein of rabies virus, which displays multiple enzymatic activities, and is required for viral transcription and replication. Objectives: A truncated L protein of Rabies virus is being cloned, expressed and purified to produce relevant...

Objective(s): In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of anti-Fas ribozyme on the apoptosis of T lymphocytes (T cells) in mice model with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Materials and Methods: Male 6-week-old C57BL/6 mice were used to establish the COPD model by exposure to cigarette smoke. The COPD mice were sacrificed for spleen dissection and T cell isolation. T cell...