West Nile virus was first detected in North America in 1999 and has subsequently spread throughout the United States and Canada and into Mexico and the Caribbean. This review describes the epidemiology and ecology of West Nile virus in North America and the prospects for effective treatments and vaccines.

West African Aspergillus flavus S isolates differed from North American isolates. Both produced aflatoxin B1. However, 40 and 100% of West African isolates also produced aflatoxin G1 in NH4 medium and urea medium, respectively. No North American S strain isolate produced aflatoxin G1. This geographical and physiological divergence may influence aflatoxin management.

1First Department of Medicine, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, North 15 West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan 2Department of Immunology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan 3Department of Medical Oncology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North 15 West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 06...

The growing development of offshore wind energy installations across the North Sea is producing new hard anthropogenic structures in the natural soft sediments, causing changes to the surrounding macrobenthos. The extent of modification in permeable sediments around a gravity based wind turbine in the Belgian part of the North Sea was investigated in the period 2011-2012, along four gradients (...

14,849 affected cases of beta thalassemia have been registered in 1995 in all provinces of iran. it is estimated that there are about three million carriers in iran. the provincial distributions of the affected cases show that the highest incidence in 100 thousand individuals was in mazandaran (71.29) and gilan (57.61), respectively, both near the caspian sea (north), followed by hormozgan (50....

How the spatial expansion of a species changes at a human time scale is a process difficult to determine. We studied the dispersal pattern of the French white stork population, using a 21-year ringing/resighting dataset. We used the graph-theory to investigate the strength of links between 5 populations (North-East, North-West, Centre, West, and South) and to determine factors important for the...

A wide variety of approaches based on historical, archaeological, placename, linguistic, physical, and genetic tools can collectively provide a detailed understanding of the Vikings in peace and in war. This chapter and the rest of the book that follows focuses on one particularly exciting area of the Viking world, namely the northwest of England, an area where we now know them to have settled ...

USING AN INDIRECT HAEMAGGLUTINATION TECHNIQUE THE INCIDENCE OF MENINGOCOCCAL ANTIBODIES IN ADULTS WAS FOUND TO BE: group A 21%, group B 3%, and group C 20%. The reasons for some differences between these results and those obtained in America are discussed. A low incidence of antibody was detected in preschool children but the incidence in school children was found to approach that of adults. Co...