In this article, an optimal control problem associated with convection-diffusion equation is considered. Using Lagrange multiplier, the optimality system is obtained. The derived optimal system becomes coupled, non-symmetric partial differential equations. For discretizations and implementations, the finite element multigrid V -cycle is employed. The convergence analysis of finite element multi...

Our paper takes into account a new bifurcation case of the cycle length and a fifth-order difference equation dynamics of ym+1 = ymy α m−2y β m−4 + ym + y α m−2 + y β m−4 + γ ymy α m−2 + y α m−2y β m−4 + ymy β m−4 + γ+ 1 , m = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . , where γ ∈ [0,∞) , α,β ∈ Z+, and y−4,y−3,y−1,y−2,y0 ∈ (0, ∞) is took into consideration. The disturbance of initials lead to a distinction of cycle len...

We present a proof of concept for adapting the finite-difference time-domain method (FDTD) for solving a 1+1D complex-valued, delay partial differential equation (PDE) that emerges in the study of waveguide quantum electrodynamics (QED). The delay term exists in both spatial and temporal directions, rendering the conventional approaches such as the method of lines inapplicable. We show that by ...

A cold room assisted vapor-compression refrigeration cycle is dynamically modeled in a year and optimized. Total annual cost (TACO) and coefficient of performance (COP) are selected as two objective functions. Both cold room and refrigeration cycle parameters are considered as design variables. Moreover, three working fluids included R22, R134a and R407c are examined. The optimum Pareto front r...

This paper presents a suboptimum custom-tailored (SCT) model for power amplifiers (PAs). Based on the pruned Volterra series, the SCT model is developed by using a recursive optimum-term selecting (ROS) algorithm with an offline characterization process. The proposed model sacrifices accuracy in comparison with the custom-tailored (CT) model derived from the general Volterra series. But the for...

The widespread installation of millions of Infrared Data Association (IrDA) infrared (IR) ports in mobile devices for wireless communication applications necessitates for throughput performance optimization of the IR links at the IrDA link access protocol (IrLAP) link layer. For IrDA connectivity, link-layer throughput optimization is important for any line bit-error rate (BER). The paper provi...

Agroforestry is a young science in need of theories and methods providing predictive understanding. The present study is an attempt to contribute to the development of a general agroforestry theory and accessory methods. A tree-environment-crop interaction equation is derived in which the overall tree effect on crop production is explained as a balance of (positive and negative) relative net tr...