most reservoir fluids contain heavy paraffinic compounds that may precipitate as a solid or solid like material called wax if the fluid is cooled down. wax precipitation is a phenomenon of considerable importance in oil industry. an increase in aggregation results in enhanced oil viscosity. this however causes significant negative effects on production, transportation and processing of crude oi...

In the post-genomic era, it is necessary to adapt methods for gene expression and functional analyses to more high-throughput levels of processing. mRNA in situ hybridization (ISH) remains a powerful tool for obtaining information regarding a gene's temporal and spatial expression pattern and can therefore be used as a starting point to define the function of a gene or a whole set of genes. We ...

The impeding effect of plant surfaces covered with three-dimensional wax on attachment and locomotion of insects has been shown previously in numerous experimental studies. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of different parameters of crystalline wax coverage on insect attachment. We performed traction experiments with the beetle Coccinella septempunctata and pull-off force measure...

We present a physically-inspired model of wax crayons, which synthesizes drawings from collections of userspecified strokes. Paper is represented by a height-field texture, and a crayon is modelled with a 2D mask that evolves as it interacts with the paper. The amount of wax deposition is computed based on the crayon contact profile, contact force, and friction. Previously deposited wax is smea...

Rice Bran wax is obtained from natural sources and is abundantly available in the country. Rice bran wax is suitable for use in chocolate enrobes, as an enteric coating for candy and lozenges, as a plasticizing material in chewing gums etc. Present study attempts to find if rice bran wax is useful as ointment base. The oleaginous type ointment base is prepared by using rice bran wax and evaluat...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS The waxy cuticle is the first point of contact for many herbivorous and pathogenic organisms on rose plants. Previous studies have reported the average composition of the combined wax extract from both sides of rose leaves. Recently, the compositions of the waxes on the adaxial and abaxial surfaces of Rosa canina leaves were determined separately. In this paper, a first repo...

The protective wax coating on plant surfaces has long been considered to be non-uniform in composition at a subcellular scale. In recent years, direct evidence has started to accumulate showing quantitative compositional differences between the epicuticular wax (i.e. wax exterior to cutin that can be mechanically peeled off) and intracuticular wax (i.e. wax residing within the mechanically resi...

The wax coverage of the waxy zone in Nepenthes alata pitchers consists of two clearly distinguishable layers, designated the upper and lower wax layers. Since these layers were reported to reduce insect attachment, they were considered to have anti-adhesive properties. However, no reliable adhesion tests have been performed with these wax layers. In this study, pull-off force measurements were ...

We used the proboscis extension reflex of honeybees to test their ability to discriminate between comb waxes of different ages (wax scales, 1-week-old wax, 2- to 3-year-old wax, 8- to 10-year-old wax). Such waxes differ in their chemical composition, and an ability to discriminate between them may aid the orientation of the bees in the nest. To train the bees, we used whole extracts of waxes an...