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DISCUSSION: Rubblemound coastal structures contain voids between individual armor units. Structure voids maximize turbulent wave energy dissipation, but also allow passage of water and sediment. The volume of sediment passing through some jetties and terminal groins can be substantial, resulting in increased channel shoaling, higher maintenance costs, and significant loss of beach material. Mos...

Wave overtopping is a critical parameter in the design of coastal defense structures. Nowadays, several empirical formulations based on small-scale experiments are available literature to predict mean discharge at dikes shallow foreshores. Although accuracy predictions has improved due each approach’s contributions, formulations’ performance depends their range applicability. In engineering app...

introduction: the greatest part of constructed dams belongs to embankment dams and there are many examples of their failures throughout history. about one-third of the world’s dam failures have been caused by flood overtopping, which indicates that flood overtopping is an important factor affecting reservoir projects’ safety. moreover, because of a poor understanding of the randomness of floods...