We report the use of second harmonic generation (SHG) to study kinetics of adsorption of p-nitrophenol at the air/water interface of a flowing jet. Measurements of the SH signal strength and the polarization of the SH light at various distances (times) along the jet axis yield information about the development of the population density and orientation of nitrophenol at the air/ water interface....

When a heat exchanger in a Fast Breeder Reactor cracks, highly pressurized water or steam escapes into the surrounding liquid sodium. A sodium-water reaction then occurs, forming disodium oxide (and hydrogen gas). It can cause secondary damages to the heat exchangers by the reaction heat and erosion corrosion. The released flow of steam from the cracks of the heat exchanger is an underexpanded ...

BACKGROUND We intend to give an overview of our experiences with the implementation of a new dissection technique in open and laparoscopic surgery. METHODS Our database comprises a total of 950 patients who underwent liver resection. Three hundred and fifty of them were performed exceptionally with the water-jet dissector. Forty-one laparoscopic partial liver resections were accomplished. R...

The present study deals with a laser Doppler dual-incident-beam velocimeter in reference-beam configuration developed at the Water Jet Lab of the Dipartimento di Meccanica of the Politecnico di Milano and especially designed for water jet applications. The applied experimental procedure makes it possible, once identified the contributors to the uncertainty of the measurand, to apply an analysis...

The O-H stretching fundamental spectra of water clusters are well known from cold jet expansions, but their detection in the atmosphere remains elusive. Mild supersonic jet expansions of neat water vapor are used to detect trimers and tetramers with intermediate thermal excitation. Spectra close to the evaporative limit are obtained by interfering neighboring expansion fans in a multi slit nozz...

A jet of a Newtonian liquid impacting on a wall at right angle spreads as a thin liquid sheet which preserves the radial symmetry of the jet. We report that for a viscoelastic jet (solution of polyethylene glycol in water) this symmetry can break; close to the wall, the jet cross section becomes faceted and radial steady liquid films (wings) form, which connect the cross-section vertices to the...

HOMODYNE STUDIES OF LIGHT SCATTERED FROM A TURBULENT WATER JET

An experimental study has been conducted to investigate the turbulent mixing and heating caused by a (superheated) steam jet injected into a turbulent cross-flow of water in a square channel. The velocity field in the mid plane of the channel has been measured by means of particle image velocimetry for several different values of the ratio of the momentum fluxes of steam and water and various b...