The conventional design of air-conditioning plants using large-tonnage chillers calls for a condenser-water flow rate of 3 gallons-perminute-per-ton-of-refrigeration (GPM/TR). For years, this standard has been thought to offer a good balance between first cost and energy cost. Recently, this conventional design has been challenged by proponents of a 2 GPM/TR design. These proponents suggest tha...

The current study was conducted to investigate the optimum stunning voltage and chilling regime with emphasis on reduction in pale, soft and exudative (PSE) pork. The experiments were conducted at seven Korean major pig abattoirs using a total of 91,082 industrial population. Frequencies of PSE meat was found to be significantly (p<0.05) increased as stunning voltage was elevated from 220-240 (...

Color of broiler skin was evaluated after exposure to organic acids under various concentrations and simulated potential plant application conditions. Breast skin from chilled broiler carcasses was treated with acetic (AA), citric (CA), lactic (LA), malic (ML), mandelic (MN), propionic (PA), or tartaric (TA) acids at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 6% concentrations. Each acid and concentration was applied i...

This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolates recovered from processed poultry. Four hundred eighty pre- and postchill whole broiler chicken carcasses were collected from a poultry processing plant between July 2004 and June 2005. Water samples also were collected at the entrance and exit of the chiller. After preenrichment, carcass and...

The fuel efficiency of cooling air at the inlet marine low speed diesel engine with water-fuel emulsion combustion by ejector chiller utilizing heat exhaust gas along route line Mariupol– Amsterdam–Mariupol was estimated. values available refrigeration capacity chiller, intake temperature drop and corresponding decrease in specific consumption main varying climatic conditions were evaluated. Th...

To detect degradation in energy efficiency of a chiller in a chiller plant, a multivariate Gaussian mixture model is applied. This classification technique was selected to take advantage of an expected correlation between measurable state variables and equipment and operation specifications and system control targets. The hidden variable is the faultiness of the chiller and can take on one of t...

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Introduction: Alteration minerals are important indicators of thermochemical environments at the time of their formation – and thus indicators for the potential habitability of a site [1,2]. Therefore, the detection of alteration minerals, especially nontronite [3], on Mars was an important step to understand Mars’ hydrous history. This initial finding was followed by the detection of a wide va...