The extrinsic signaling pathways responsible for the formation and maintenance of the unique laminar organization of the forebrain germinal zones are largely unknown. In the present study, we asked whether ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF)/leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)/gp130 signaling plays a role in the development of the germinal layers in the lateral ganglionic eminence. We found that CN...

Radial glia cells function as neural stem cells in the developing brain and generate self-renewing and differentiating daughter cells by asymmetric cell divisions. During these divisions, the apical process or basal process of the elongated epithelial structure is asymmetrically partitioned into daughter cells, depending on developmental contexts. However, in mammalian neurogenesis, the relatio...

Interkinetic nuclear migration (INM) is a hallmark of the polarized stem and progenitor cells in the ventricular zone (VZ) of the developing vertebrate CNS. INM is responsible for the pseudostratification of the VZ, a crucial aspect of brain evolution. The nuclear migration toward the apical centrosomes in G2 is thought to be a dynein-microtubule-based process. By contrast, the cytoskeletal mac...

[1] Von Storch and Zorita [2005] (hereinafter referred to as VZ) concur that the Mann et al. [1998] (hereinafter referred to as MBH98) principal component (PC) method ‘‘very often shows a hockey stick shaped pattern even if the data was by construction free of such structures’’ the Artificial Hockey Stick (AHS) effect. We did not claim that the AHS effect applied to all situations. We did claim...

During cortical development, embryonic neurons migrate from germinal zones near the ventricle into the cortical plate, where they organize into layers. Mechanisms that direct neuronal migration may include molecules that act as chemoattractants. In rats, GABA, which localizes near the target destination for migrating cortical neurons, stimulates embryonic neuronal migration in vitro. In mice, g...

Eighty-nine patients with aplastic anemia or acute leukemia treated by either syngeneic (1 3 patients) or allogeneic (76 patients) marrow transplantation who had survived for more than 6 mo were surveyed to determine the incidence of late infections. Most patients (72 % ) had either no infection or very few late infections, and only a minority (28 % ) had three or more infections. Eight patient...

We present in a statistical study a comparison of thermospheric mass density enhancements (ρrel) with electron temperature (Te), small-scale field-aligned currents (SSFACs), and vertical ion velocity (Vz) at high latitudes around noon magnetic local time (MLT). Satellite data from CHAMP (CHAllenging Minisatellite Payload) and DMSP (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program) sampling the Northern...

Cerebral cortical neurons form a six-layered structure in which their position depends on their birth date. This developmental process requires the presence of Reelin, which is secreted by Cajal-Retzius cells in the cortical marginal zone (MZ). However, it is still unclear whether the migration from the ventricular zone (VZ) to beneath the MZ is essential for the neurons to segregate into layer...

This work sheds the light on an important problem that faces real-world texture classification. That of incorporating textural information present at several scales and the robustness of classifiers to viewing distance and zooming. A Markov Random field framework is considered and the Varma-Zisserman classifier [16] (VZ classifier) is used as a starting point due to its high rates of classifica...