Virtual Power Plants (VPPs) allow the aggregated management of diverse power technologies in systems different size, complexity and connectivity. The main objectives a VPP are to ensure correct integration these into systems, optimize production load demand, meet technical commercial requirements, considering stakeholders’ needs. This paper provides literature review most influential factors as...

it is expected that, compared with other power plants, changes in fuel cost for power plants in the deregulated electricity market leads to changes in the generation capacity of wind power plants. to quantify this effect, this article aims at modeling energy generation capacity and supply or distribution of different power plants as opposed to those of wind power plants. the proposed model was ...

The rapid penetration of photovoltaic generation reduces power grid inertia and increases the need for intelligent energy resources that can cope in real time with imbalance between consumption. Virtual plants are a technology coordinating such monetizing them, example on electricity markets real-time pricing or frequency reserves markets. Accurate short-term forecasts essential virtual plants....

the main objectives of this paper are measuring the technical efficiency of iranian thermal power plants and investigating the determinants of technical efficiency levels in these plants. stochastic nonparametric envelopment data (stoned) method applied to plant-level data over a period of thirteen years from 1999 to 2011. this is the first comprehensive analysis (to our knowledge) of technical...

The importance of trees in a challenging urban environment ABSTRACT Our cities are a challenging environment for plants due to urban specific environmental stresses like urban heat island effects altering the radiative regime. Ecosystem service provision by urban trees qualifies the uptake of urban greening as an engineering solution to climate change. Further interdisciplinary research and wid...

abstract: enviromental concerns, improvements in renewable energy technologies, governmental incentives for the use of these resources, and increased t&d; costs, are the main factors driving the energy sector into a new era, where considerable portions of electrical demand will be met through widespread installation of distributed energy resources (ders). the virtual power plant (vpp) is a dece...