Among the most cost-effective strategies for preventing viral infections, vaccines have proven effective primarily against viruses causing acute, self-limited infections. For these it has been sufficient for the vaccine to mimic the natural virus. However, viruses causing chronic infection do not elicit an immune response sufficient to clear the infection and, as a result, vaccines for these vi...

The conventional vaccines currently being used to deal with influenza are based on a virus obtained in chicken embryos or its components. The high variability of the major immunogenic surface proteins - hemagglutinin and neuraminidase-require the development of strain-specific vaccines that match the antigenic specificity of a newly emerging virus. Recombinant vaccines based on single viral pro...

The genomic diversity of RNA viruses (such as Hepatitis C virus (HCV), Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), SARS and influenza) is a subject of the great interest since it is a plausible cause of vaccines failures and virus resistance to existing therapies. RNA lacks ability to detect and repair mistakes during replication, many mutations are well tolerated and passed down to descendants produci...

Recommended treatment of chronic hepatitis B with interferon-α and/or nucleos(t)ide analogues does not lead to a satisfactory result. Induction of HBV-specific T cells by therapeutic vaccination or immunotherapies may be an innovative strategy to overcome virus persistence. Vaccination with commercially available HBV vaccines in patients did not result in effective control of HBV infection, sug...

A safe and effective vaccine would be the best solution to eradicate COVID-19 pandemic. Classic platforms are used develop vaccines including live-attenuated vaccines, inactivated protein subunit viral vectors. The high production rate has raised concerns about their safety, although still sole promising vanish COVID-19. reported severe adverse effects have fear complications. Previous studies ...

background although certain hbv mutations are known to affect the expression of hepatitis e antigen, their association with hbv viral level or clinical outcomes is less clear. objectives we evaluated associations between different mutations in the basal core promoter (bcp) and pre-core (pc) regions of hbv genome and subsequent changes in hbv viral dna level over seven years in a population of u...

background hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection is one the major health concern among the infected transplant patients. considering several complications of the disease in them, pre and post-transplantation studies should be performed for monitoring of the infection, as well as, developing new treatment protocols. objectives the current study was conducted to determine the hepatitis c virus rna le...

Background and Aims: Adventitious agents, especially viral agents are among the most important concerns in viral vaccines. Viral contamination of biological products may arise from the original source of the reagents such as, serum, trypsin, animal or human derived media components or cell culture and working seed or cross contamination of vaccine during production. In this study, adventitious ...

introduction: occurrence of detectable amounts of viral antigen or viral particles in the blood of infected patients with hepatitis b virus (hbv) is a significant characteristic of hbv infection. detection of hbv antigen or its dna among individuals of a community is a crucial factor to know the burden of hbv infection. hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag) is a suitable marker of hbv infection b...

BACKGROUND Hepatitis B virus infection remains an important global health concern despite the availability of safe and effective prophylactic vaccines. Limitations to these vaccines include requirement for refrigeration and three immunizations thereby restricting use in the developing world. A new nasal hepatitis B vaccine composed of recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in a novel n...