Over the years, nations of world have been plagued with several infectious diseases outbreak. With continuous rise in number emerging and re-emerging such as monkeypox, it is high time we drew lessons insights from past outbreaks to guide effectively prepare for possible future outbreaks. Monkeypox, popularly known most important orthopoxvirus infection, a viral zoonotic disease prevalent Centr...

The eye has received considerable attention in the study and evaluation of the effect of interferon and interferon inducers on viral disease. Since this organ is easily visualized, permits easy access to culture material, is frequently involved in viral infections, and can be studied under intense magnification in the in vivo state, it is a logical organ system for such study. Furthermore, most...

Viruses are important causes of nosocomial infection, but the fact that hospital outbreaks often result from introduction(s) from community-based epidemics, together with the need to initiate specific laboratory testing, means that there are usually insufficient data to allow the monitoring of trends in incidences. The most important defenses against nosocomial transmission of viruses are detai...

Viral infections and cardiovascular disease (CVD) share a two-way connection: viral infection can raise CVD risk, people with are more prone to severe infection. Zhao et al. now detail molecular mechanism whereby macrophages from patients inhibit antiviral T cell responses via immune checkpoint activation.

Biomarkers have been defined by Hulk et al as “cellular, biochemical or molecular alterations that are measureable in biological media such as human tissue, cells or fluids” [9]. In recent times, this definition has been expanded to include biological characteristics that can be measured objectively and evaluated as an indicator of the normal biological process, pathogenic process or pharmacolo...

Ebola viral disease's interaction with pregnancy is poorly understood and remains a particular challenge for medical and para-medical personnel responding to an outbreak. This review article is written with the benefit of hindsight and experience from the largest recorded Ebola outbreak in history. We have provided a broad overview of the issues that arise for pregnant women and for the profess...