BACKGROUND AND AIMS Panoramic radiography is a method widely used because of low absorbed dose in patients (ap-proximately 10 times less than that in the full mouth survey), reasonable cost and time. Disadvantages of this radiography technique are magnification and distortion as a result of unequal magnification, which can influence dimensional and angular measurements used in clinical dentistr...

Orthopedic expansion of the maxillary arch--rapid maxillary expansion (RME)--is a commonly used treatment technique that has become increasingly popular during the last 25 years. During this time, however, clinicians routinely have imputed a variety of undesirable side effects to RME, particularly bite opening. Whereas there have been many explanations as to the mechanisms underlying such RME-r...

This communication demonstrates a simple, soft lithographic approach to the replication and metrology of nanoscale vertical displacements. We patterned test structures with regular patterns that minimize artifacts in measurements by atomic force microscopy. A composite stamp of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) molded against the original test structure served as a template to generate polyurethane...

The vast majority of research on the spatial nature of numerical representation has focused on the horizontal axis, highlighting the left-to-right orientation of increasing values (i.e., the mental number line). Recent evidence points to spatial organization along the vertical (bottom-to-top) axis as well. We argue, however, that these findings are better characterized as generalized magnitude ...