The vertebral arteries (VAs) are originated from the subclavian arteries and are major arteries for posterior circulation. The left and right VAs are typically described as having 4 segments each (V1 through V4), the first 3 of which are extracranial [1]: the V1 segments extend cephalad and posteriorly from the origin of the vertebral arteries between the longus colli and scalenus anterior musc...

Background: Beta-thalassemia intermedia (BTI) is a type of hemoglobinopathy with an increased risk of cerebrovascular accidents, and transcranial cerebral Doppler ultrasonography (TCD) through determining the mean cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) can serve to predict the risk of a developing stroke. This study aims to compare patients with beta-thalassemia intermedia and healthy individuals ...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Injection rates have attracted scrutiny because of an incident of an aneurysm rupturing during arteriography. We sought to determine the current injection rates for neuroangiography in the setting of aneurysm evaluation. METHODS An e-mail survey was distributed to 90 neuroradiology program directors within the United States and Canada. The injection rates and total volu...

· Posterior Circulation Two vertebral arteries originate from the first part of the subclavian arteries. These join intra-cranially to form the basilar artery and supply the posterior cerebral circulation. This is the main blood supply to the brain stem, cerebellum and posterior cerebrum. · Anterior Circulation Both internal carotid arteries arise from the carotid bifurcation in the neck. Intra...

Background: The branches of right and left subclavian arteries are important in conducting of blood to spinal cord, posterior cranial fossa, base of the neck, thyroid gland, wall of the thorax and abdomen. The routine use of internal thoracic artery as a conduit in coronary artery bypass grafting surgery requires appreciation of the anatomical variations of these vessels. So far, there is not a...