The nucleus accumbens shell (NAc-S) plays an important role in the way stimuli that predict reward affect the performance of, and choice between, goal-directed actions in tests of outcome-specific Pavlovian-instrumental transfer (PIT). The neural processes involved in PIT downstream of the ventral striatum are, however, unknown. The NAc-S projects prominently to the ventral pallidum (VP), and i...

The dorso-ventral axis in zebrafish first becomes apparent at gastrulation, when the future ventral side appears thinner than the dorsal side. The exact time of establishment of the dorso-ventral axis is not known. We show here that the dorso-ventral axis is specified as early as the 32 cell stage. Using lithium as a marker for dorso-ventral asymmetry, we show that lithium-sensitivity is a char...

Abstract Aim Ventral hernias including incisional ones are very common in our population. Mesh reinforcement options for ventral/incisional hernia repair continue to evolve with advances polymer science and better understanding of the extracellular matrix. Consensus on safety efficacy these various types synthetic biologic mesh has yet be reached. Intraperitoneal onlay (IPOM) is laparoscopic te...

Rectal prolapse or procidentia is a debilitating condition that typically presents in parous older women but can occur men and of all ages. Surgery the mainstay for treatment rectal be performed through transabdominal perineal approach. Ventral mesh rectopexy was first described by D’Hoore 2004 involves pure anterior mobilization to reduce risk autonomic nerve injury postoperative constipation....

Reward prediction error (RPE) signals are central to current models of reward-learning. Temporal difference (TD) learning models posit that these signals should be modulated by predictions, not only of magnitude but also timing of reward. Here we show that BOLD activity in the VTA conforms to such TD predictions: responses to unexpected rewards are modulated by a temporal hazard function and ac...

We present a model of visual working memory in ventral prefrontal cortex. Activation in ventral PFC consists of reverberating activity. Representations in ventral PFC are conjunctions of location and (partial) identity representations. With many objects, representations in ventral PFC interfere, which results in loss of information. Therefore, the number of objects in working memory is limited....

OBJECTIVES To investigate the versatility of the ventral urethrotomy approach in bulbar reconstruction with buccal mucosa (BM) grafts placed on the dorsal, ventral or dorsal plus ventral urethral surface. PATIENTS AND METHODS Between 1999 and 2008, 216 patients with bulbar strictures underwent BM graft urethroplasty using the ventral-sagittal urethrotomy approach. Of these patients, 32 (14.8%...

Distinct classes of motor neurons and ventral interneurons are generated by the graded signaling activity of Sonic hedgehog (Shh). Shh controls neuronal fate by establishing different progenitor cell populations in the ventral neural tube that are defined by the expression of Pax6 and Nkx2.2. Pax6 establishes distinct ventral progenitor cell populations and controls the identity of motor neuron...