Reversible encephalopathy after transplantation is well recognized. The condition is commonly thought to be related to immune suppression, and a characteristic brain imaging pattern is typically recognized with vasogenic edema in the parietal and occipital regions, typically termed posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES). We report the case of a patient with reversible encephalopath...

Cerebral edema/brain edema refers to the accumulation of fluid in the brain and is one of the fatal conditions that require immediate medical attention. Cerebral edema develops as a consequence of cerebral trauma, cerebral infarction, hemorrhages, abscess, tumor, hypoxia, and other toxic or metabolic factors. Based on the causative factors cerebral edema is differentiated into cytotoxic cerebra...

Brain edema after hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD) is a serious problem in neonates. Mannitol can mitigate edema; however, the molecular mechanism has not been fully elucidated. It has been reported that aquaporin-4 (AQP4), a member of the water channel protein family, plays a vital role in the development of brain edema. We therefore investigated whether mannitol might alleviate brain edem...

Vasogenic edema is associated with BBB dysfunction, which allows an increase in the passage of plasma proteins and water into the extracellular compartment [3, 5]. This is the main type of edema associated with inflammation and will be the main focus of this thesis. In hydrocephalus, a rise in intraventricular pressure causes the cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF) to migrate through the ependyma into t...

Late stage or aggressive cancers exhibit metastatic growth at multiple sites, and the characterization of treatment response in various organs to drugs with potentially wide-ranging efficacy is needed. Tumor cells that induce angiogenesis are a common characteristic of metastatic disease, and clinically, antiangiogenic therapies have shown value in the setting of advanced cancer. However, recen...

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a rare and severe neurotoxic encephalopathic state characterized by variable neurologic manifestations ranging from headache confusion to seizures, coma, subcortical vasogenic edema on imaging. PRES commonly induced chronic renal failure, hypertension, chemotherapeutic drugs, eclampsia. hypercalcemia uncommon not widely underlined in the li...

brain metastases (top) had poorly demarcated borders and were highly infiltrative with significant vasogenic edema. In contrast, bone metastases (bottom) had well-demarcated borders and developed as solid masses with minimal infiltration. Brain metastases (n=10) had significantly higher ADC and lower FA values than the normal brain tissue whereas bone metastases (n=5) had a significantly lower ...

Glutamate contributes to secondary brain damage, resulting in cell swelling and brain edema. Under in vitro conditions, increased extracellular levels of the amino acid taurine reflect glutamate-induced osmotic cell swelling. In vivo, increases in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) taurine could, therefore, unmask glutamate-mediated cytotoxic edema formation and possibly differentiate it from vasogenic ...