A root rot disease is the most important factor limiting commercial production of vanilla [Vanilla fragrans (Salisb.) Ames] in Puerto Rico. According to a survey of growers in 1945 (1), the disease was responsible for 40% to 50%o death of vines. In 1927 the causal organism was identified as Fusarium batatatis var. vanilae, Tucker (5). The disease usually becomes more pronounced during the third...

The present study examined the favourable influence of three spice mixes derived from a few commonly consumed spices of known digestive stimulant action on digestive enzymes of pancreas and small intestine, and on bile secretion and composition in experimental rats. The common ingredients of these mixes were coriander, turmeric, red chilli, black pepper and cumin, while the spice mix II additio...

Abstract This study aims to assess Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy predict vanillin and moisture content non-destructively. Twenty-four samples of vanilla pods (@55 grams/sample) from Sumatra Sulawesi Island were tested. The reflectance spectra pod measured using a NIRFlex N-500 spectrometer at the wavelength 1000-2500 nm. After that, reference method. transformed absorbance several pre-treatm...

Lignins are complex phenylpropanoid polymers mostly associated with plant secondary cell walls. Lignins arise primarily via oxidative polymerization of the three monolignols, p-coumaryl, coniferyl, and sinapyl alcohols. Of the two hydroxycinnamyl alcohols that represent incompletely methylated biosynthetic products (and are not usually considered to be monolignols), 5-hydroxyconiferyl alcohol i...

The `volatility smile' is one of the well-known biases of Black-Scholes models for pricing options. In this paper, we introduce a robust method of reducing this bias by pricing subject to a deterministic functional volatility = (S; t). This instantaneous volatility is chosen as a spline whose weights are determined by a regularised numerical strategy that approximately minimises the di erence b...

resonators. Higher order means more complexity in design. A third-order high-Q 300 kHz micromechanical bandpass filter, with Q-adjustment and frequency tuning, is analyzed using a parameterized cell library, "NODAS," for schematic representation and behavioral HDL simulation. An equivalent SPICE model of the filter is derived, which enables simulation in SPICE and comparison to NODAS. Frequency...