Solvent effects on the rates of some well-known nuclophilic substitution reactions have been analysed in terms of initial—state and transition-state contributions. Where possible, the latter have been further analysed by the method of model solutes, on which solvent effects on a transition state are compared to solvent effects on a solute that might be a suitable model for the transition state....

Transforming lignocellulosic biomass into fuels and chemicals has been intensely studied in recent years. A large amount of work has been dedicated to finding suitable solvent systems, which can improve the transformation of biomass into value-added chemicals. These efforts have been undertaken based on numerous research results that have shown that organic solvents can improve both conversion ...

It has been shown that the enzymic addition of valine to valine transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) of Escherichia co2i is exceedingly sensitive to alcohol or salt concentrations and that the rate of the reaction is predictable from the Debye-Htickel equations, if it is assumed that there are somewhat more than 4 positive charges and 4 negative charges involved in the rate-determining step. (For i...

A valine-to-isoleucine mutation at amino acid residue 197 of Glut2 or the equivalent residue 165 of Glut1 has been shown to impair glucose transport activity. This mutation was originally discovered in the Glut2 gene of a patient with type 2 diabetes. We investigated the mechanism of the effect of this mutation on transport activity via the analysis of Glut1 mutants expressed in Xenopus oocytes...

Under "nongratuitous" inducing conditions, in Pseudomonas saccharophila, d-and l-valine and l-isoleucine inhibit net protein synthesis. At a concentration of 0.5 mumole or greater of valine per mg of bacterial protein, net protein synthesis declined approximately 70%. The inhibitory effect of valine is proportional to the exogenous valine concentration. Studies of (14)C amino acid incorporation...

OBJECTIVE Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), a key enzyme in catecholamine metabolism, is implicated in cardiovascular, sympathetic, and endocrine pathways. This study aimed to confirm preliminary association of COMT genetic variation with incident cardiovascular disease (CVD). It further aimed to evaluate whether aspirin, a commonly used CVD prevention agent, modified the potential associati...