BACKGROUND Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) produced by vaginal lactobacilli is generally believed to protect against bacteria associated with bacterial vaginosis (BV), and strains of lactobacilli that can produce H2O2 are being developed as vaginal probiotics. However, evidence that led to this belief was based in part on non-physiological conditions, antioxidant-free aerobic conditions selected to ma...

The use of polymeric devices for controlled sustained delivery of drugs is a promising approach for the prevention of HIV-1 infection. Unfortunately, certain microbicides, when topically applied vaginally, may be cytotoxic to vaginal epithelial cells and the protective microflora present within the female genital tract. In this study, we evaluated the impact of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ)-loaded, ...

Background: Vaginal epithelium is the most important site for initial contact of the parasite infection in humans. Objective: To investigate the effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA) and pH on attachment of T. vaginalis isolated from symptomatic and asymptomatic patients to vaginal epithelial

This article is a review of the diagnosis and therapy of the common vaginal infections encountered by the clinician. The saline and wet mount preparations and vaginal pH are easy-to-use and effective means of establishing the correct diagnosis and should not be given until the patient has been examined and appropriate diagnostic tests carried out.

In a study of women with anogenital gonorrhoea who had undergone hysterectomy, the sensitivities of urethral, vaginal, and anal canal cultures were 88.9, 55.7, and 40.7% respectively in specimens from 27 woemn. To obtain the greatest sensitivity, however, we recommend that specimens from all three sites should be cultured routinely. After the raising effects of trichomoniasis and menstrual bloo...

Effective interaction between mucoadhesive drug delivery systems and mucin is the basis of effective local placement of drugs to play its therapeutic role after mucosal administration including vaginal use, which especially requires prolonged drug presence for the treatment of gynecological infectious diseases. Our previous report on phenylboronic acid-rich nanoparticles (PBNPs) demonstrated th...

Normal vaginal flora of sexually mature women consists of lactobacilli, transient or commensal anaerobic and aerobic bacteria, and Candida species from skin and gut flora. The normal pH value of vaginal flora is 3.8–4.4. Lactobacilli predominate in the vaginal flora, primarily L. crispatus, L. gasseri, L. iners and L. jensenii, depending on ethnicity. Normal pH values differ significantly betwe...

The introduction of estrin in the treatment of gonorrheal vulvovaginitis in young children by Lewis4 has led to much speculation as to the method by which the hormone overcomes this infection. The development of the infantile vaginal mucosa into a structure resembling the adult tissue, under the influence of estrin, was at first considered as the factor important in the eradication of the gonoc...