Tuberculosis (TB) has emerged as the most prominent bacterial disease found in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive individuals worldwide. Due to high prevalence of asymptomatic Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infections, the future HIV vaccine in areas highly endemic for TB will often be administrated to individuals with an ongoing Mtb infection. The impact of concurrent Mtb infection ...

BACKGROUND Current influenza vaccines need to be annually reformulated to well match the predicated circulating strains. Thus, it is critical for developing a novel universal influenza vaccine that would be able to confer cross-protection against constantly emerging divergent influenza virus strains. Influenza virus A is a genus of the Orthomyxoviridae family of viruses. Influenza virus nucleop...

BACKGROUND Oral vaccination of the small Indian mongoose against rabies has been suggested as a potential tool to eliminate mongoose-mediated rabies on several Caribbean islands. A recently developed oral rabies virus vaccine strain, SPBN GASGAS, has already been shown to be efficacious in this reservoir species. Since, all available oral rabies vaccines are based on replication-competent virus...

In the present study, a mucosal vaccine was used in an effort to elicit serum IgG and intestinal secretory IgA against the mycotoxin aflatoxin B1 (AFB) in chickens. AFB was coupled to carrier proteins (BSA and porcine thyroglobulin) for use as a vaccine and ELISA coating antigen, respectively. Seven-day-old broiler chicks were divided into groups of 10 and immunized with one of four vaccine pre...

Nanotechnology plays a significant role in drug development. As carriers, polymeric nanoparticles can deliver vaccine antigens, proteins, and drugs to the desired site of action. Polymeric nanoparticles with lower cytotoxicity can protect the delivered antigens or drugs from degradation under unfavorable conditions via a mucosal administration route; further, the uptake of nanoparticles by anti...

Influenza infection represents a major socio-economic burden worldwide. Novel delivery methods can render influenza vaccination easier and more acceptable by the public, and importantly confer protection equal or superior to that induced by conventional systemic administration. An attractive target for vaccine delivery is the skin. Recent studies have demonstrated improved immune responses afte...

Clinical observations made after immunising volunteers with a live attenuated hepatitis A vaccine are described. The candidate vaccine was prepared with the HM175 strain of hepatitis A virus and shown to be safe, immunogenic and efficacious in experimental animals. When the candidate vaccine was tested by oral administration in humans at increasing doses--10(4), 10(5), 10(6) and 10(7) median ti...