Counterfeit medicines are a growing problem in both developing and industrialised countries. In general the evaluation of these medicines is limited to the identification and the dosage of the active ingredients. In this study in vitro dissolution tests were conducted on two sets of counterfeit medicines containing PDE-5 inhibitors (sildenafil citrate and tadalafil). The dissolution profiles we...

[1] Cohen JF, Chalumeau M, Cohen R, Korevaar DA, Khoshnood B, Bossuyt PM. Cochran’s Q test was useful to assess heterogeneity in likelihood ratios in studies of diagnostic accuracy. J Clin Epidemiol 2015;68:299e306. [2] Cochran WG. The combination of estimates from different experiments. Biometrics 1954;10:101e29. [3] Cochran WG. Some methods for strengthening the common c tests. Biometrics 195...

Adverse events are generally tabulated and listed in statistical reports in randomized clinical trials. This paper introduces how to apply statistical methods to assess adverse events using SAS. In addition to the crude percentage (rate), adverse events are also adjusted by exposure time or multiple repeat. The paper also introduces the commonly used chi-square test and Fisher‟s exact test, and...

For each sequence P = (p1(t), p2(t), . . . ) of polynomials we define a characteristic series of groups, called the derived series localized at P. Given a knot K in S, such a sequence of polynomials arises naturally as the orders of certain submodules of a sequence of higher-order Alexander modules of K. These group series yield filtrations of the knot concordance group that refine the (n)-solv...

Let Knots be the abelian monoid of isotopy classes of knots S ⊂ S under connected sum, and let C be the topological knot concordance group of knots modulo slice knots. Cochran-OrrTeichner [COT03] defined a filtration of C: C ⊃ F(0) ⊃ F(0.5) ⊃ F(1) ⊃ F(1.5) ⊃ F(2) ⊃ . . . The quotient C/F(0.5) is isomorphic to Levine’s algebraic concordance group AC1 [Lev69]; F(0.5) is the algebraically slice kn...

The two one-sided tests (TOST) procedure is the common method for assessing bioequivalence between different drugs or formulations of same drug. Several solutions to Behrens-Fisher problem have been extended establish statistical equivalence under variance heterogeneity. Unlike other existing studies that rely exclusively on simulation results, analytical formulas power and Type I error rate ar...

Drawing of random sample is one of the most important components of almost every. The scientific method of selecting a random sample consists of the use of random number table. Several tables of random numbers have already been constructed by the renowned researchers. Some of them are (in chronological order) due to Tippett [1], Mahalanobis [2], Kendall & Smith [3,4], Fisher & Yates [5], Hald [...

PURPOSE To evaluate the age-related change in contrast sensitivity seen in a middle-aged to elderly Japanese population. METHODS Contrast sensitivity and visual acuity were measured in subjects aged 40 to 79 years randomly recruited from a community in Aichi prefecture near Nagoya, Japan. Contrast sensitivity tests were performed using the Vistech contrast sensitivity test chart (VCTS 6500). ...