INTRODUCTION Bronchospasm during general anaesthesia can present in isolation or as a component of a more serious underlying pathology such as anaphylaxis. It is characterised by prolonged expiration, wheeze and increased peak airway pressures during Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation (IPPV). Untreated it can cause hypoxia, hypotension and increased morbidity and mortality. Suspected br...

Myxedema coma is a rare and potentially life-threatening condition that occurs when severe hypothyroidism untreated or inadequately managed. It characterized by rapid drop in mental status, hypothermia, respiratory failure, hypotension, other symptoms of metabolic dysfunction. The primarily affects older women with history thyroid dysfunction but can occur any age gender group. A common trigger...

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has reduced morbidity and mortality in HIV-1 infection; however HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) persist despite treatment. The reasons for the limited efficacy of ART in the brain are unknown. Here we used functional genomics to determine ART effectiveness in the brain and to identify molecular signatures of HAND under ART. We performed genome-wide ...

Duplications of the alimentary tract are rare congenital malformations and may be found anywhere along the alimentary tract. Their importance lies in the fact that they readily mimic other surgical disease processes and may result in significant morbidity if left untreated. We report a case of ileal duplication with heterotopic gastric mucosa presenting with melena and peptic ulcer perforation ...

Introduction NOMID/CINCA is the most severe phenotype of cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome (CAPS), characterized by persistence of inflammation-mediated symptoms and overproduction of interleukin (IL)-1b, associated with significant morbidity, if untreated. In CAPS-patients early initiation of anti-IL1b-treatment appears to prevent severe disease sequelae. However, canakinumab as a 1-line ...

Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF) is a hereditary autoinflammatory disorder characterised by acute attacks of fever and serosal inflammation. FMF primarily affects Jewish, Armenian, Turkish, and Arab populations. The disease is accompanied by a marked decrease in quality of life due to the effects of attacks and subclinical inflammation in the attack-free periods. Untreated or inadequately tre...

Description of Procedure or Service Rhesus (Rh) D-negative women who are exposed to RhD-positive red blood cells can develop anti-Rh antibodies, which can cross the placenta and cause fetal anemia. If undiagnosed and untreated, alloimmunization can cause significant perinatal morbidity and mortality. Determining the Rh status of the fetus may guide subsequent management of the pregnancy. The us...

Chyluria is the passage of chyle in the urine. The cause seems to be the rupture of retroperitoneal lymphatics into the pyelocaliceal system, giving urine a milky appearance. This condition if left untreated it leads to significant morbidity because of hematochyluria, recurrent renal colic, nutritional problems due to protein losses and immunosuppression resulting from lymphocyturia. We report ...

Lower limb fractures are common injuries in prehospital care. Untreated fractures can lead to hypovolaemic shock especially if open, and should be treated with effective haemorrhage control and splintage. A brief assessment for open fractures, deformity, and neurovascular compromise should be followed by effective analgesia, wound management, reduction (if needed), splintage, and packaging of t...

OBJECTIVE To investigate the risks of adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes for treated and untreated bipolar disorder during pregnancy. DESIGN Population based cohort study using data from national health registers. SETTING Sweden. PARTICIPANTS 332,137 women with a last menstrual period anytime after 1 July 2005 and giving birth anytime before the end of 31 December 2009. Women with a rec...