A wireless underground sensor network (WUSN) is defined as a network of wireless sensor devices in which all sensor devices are deployed completely underground (network sinks or any devices specifically for relay between sensors and a sink may be aboveground). In hybrid wireless underground sensor network (HWUSN), communication between nodes is implemented from underground-to-air or air-to-unde...

According to the advance of civil engineering and transportation, the tunnel tends to increase as a number and be longer as a scale. It is divided to underground and undersea tunnel by location, and is sorted into railway and road tunnel by transportation. Channel Tunnel is world’s longest undersea railway tunnel that reaches a length of 50.45 km (1). Great Britain is connected to France by it....

Underground displacement monitoring is a key means to monitor and evaluate geological disasters and geotechnical projects. There exist few practical instruments able to monitor subsurface horizontal and vertical displacements simultaneously due to monitoring invisibility and complexity. A novel underground displacement 3D measuring sensor had been proposed in our previous studies, and great eff...

With a growing need for usable land in urban areas, subterranean development has been gaining attention. While construction of large underground complexes is not a new concept, our understanding of various socio-cultural aspects of staying underground is still at a premature stage. With projected emergence of underground built environments, future populations may spend much more of their workin...

Along with the development of underground space and increasing maturity automation technology, a new type transport supply system called "Underground Logistics System (ULS)" is gradually gaining attention in various countries as an effective means solving problem urban traffic congestion. However, high cost risk construction are main factors that have led to ULS remaining theoretical stage for ...

Dissatisfaction with work boot design is common in the mining industry. Many underground coal miners believe their work boots contribute to the high incidence of lower limb injuries they experience. Despite this, the most recent research to examine underground coal mining work boot satisfaction was conducted over a decade ago. This present study aimed to address this gap in the literature by as...

With the fast development and utilization of underground space resource in cities, the spatial distribution of urban underground pipelines becomes more and more complex. How to efficiently utilize the latest technology, realize underground space resources' management, visualization, layout optimization and mine applications, are challenging issues in current digital city development. Taking int...

Introduction: India with hard coal production of about 254 MT from about 550 nationalised mines in 1994-95 is the third largest coal producing country in the world after China & USA. The country with 16.4 percent population of the world has measure 6.8 percent share of proved world coal resources. Coalfield over an area of 4.37 million hectares out of the total land surface of 328.8 million hec...

in this paper, we develop a freight transportation model for railway network considering hazmat transportation issue. in the transportation system considered, different customers can request for carrying hazmat and non- hazmat boxes. it is assumed that the sequence of the trains in the network is known. the objective is assigning the non-hazmat boxes and hazmat boxes to wagons of the trains so ...