This paper reviews the evidence on tax non-compliance and the “underground economy” in Canada, with an emphasis on the reporting activities of self-employed individuals and businesses. Indirect methods of estimating the size of the unrecorded sector are found to generate widely varying, and in a number of cases implausible, estimates of underground activity. More direct evidence from enforcemen...

This paper reviews the evidence on tax non-compliance and the “underground economy” in Canada, with an emphasis on the reporting activities of self-employed individuals and businesses. Indirect methods of estimating the size of the unrecorded sector are found to generate widely varying, and in a number of cases implausible, estimates of underground activity. More direct evidence from enforcemen...

Nowadays we can observe the change of the structure of energy resources, which leads to the increasing fraction of a renewable energy sources. Traditional underground coal mining loses its significance in a total but there are countries, including Poland, which economy is still coal based. A decreasing coal resources imply an exploitation a becoming harder accessible coal beds what is connected...

Today, several actors within the Internet’s burgeoning underground economy specialize in providing services to like-minded criminals. At the same time, gray and white markets exist for services on the Internet providing reasonably similar products. In this paper we explore a hypothetical arbitrage between these two markets by purchasing “Human Intelligence” on Amazon’s Mechanical Turk service, ...

Mining and mineral exploration play important roles in the global economy. In mining operations, communication systems play vital roles in ensuring personnel safety, enhancing operational efficiency and process optimization. Over the period 1920-2012, this article surveys the evolution of wireless communications in underground mines, the developments of the underlying technology, and progress i...

The London Underground is one of Britain’s most st ri ke-prone industries, with the threat and use of strike action by the National Union of Rail Maritime and Transport Workers (RMT) a persistent feature of industrial relations during the past 10-15 years. Thus on a number of occasions st ri kes have paralysed sections of the tube network, inconvenienced up to 3 million commuters and caused mil...

The underground commoditization of compromised hosts suggests a tacit capability where miscreants leverage the same machine—subscribed by multiple criminal ventures—to simultaneously profit from spam, fake account registration, malicious hosting, and other forms of automated abuse. To expedite the detection of these commonly abusive hosts, there are now multiple industrywide efforts that aggreg...