Aim: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons resulting in deterioration motor activity patients. Currently, available therapies including Levodopa (L-DOPA) are more geared toward treatment symptoms. Therefore, developing effective neuroprotective needed. Valproic acid (VPA) has shown potent effects on dopamine (DA) various brain regions. The aim...

Studies argue in favor of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as the next potent therapeutic agent for neurodegenerative diseases. In present study, we investigated effect long term treatment with NaHS (as donor H2S) on induction and progress 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) -induced Parkinsonism rat. The 6-OHDA was injected into medial forebrain bundle right hemisphere by stereotaxic surgery. Behavioral tests tr...

Interactions between dopamine and glutamate play prominent roles in memory, addiction, and schizophrenia. Several lines of evidence have suggested that the ventral midbrain dopamine neurons that give rise to the major CNS dopaminergic projections may also be glutamatergic. To examine this possibility, we double immunostained ventral midbrain sections from rat and monkey for the dopamine-synthet...

Intraocular injection of 120 nmol. of kainic acid, a powerful glutamate receptor agonist, induces a marked degeneration of cells in the inner nuclear layer of the retina. Within 2 hours after injection there is a significant decrement in the specific activities of tyrosine hydroxylase, choline acetyltransferase, and glutamic acid decarboxylase; by 48 hours after injection there is nearly a comp...

Enteric and sympathetic neurons have previously been proposed to be lineally related. We present independent lines of evidence that suggest that enteric neurons arise from at least two lineages, only one of which expresses markers in common with sympathoadrenal cells. In the rat, sympathoadrenal markers are expressed, in the same order as in sympathetic neurons, by a subset of enteric neuronal ...

We have identified a stromal cell-derived inducing activity (SDIA) that promotes neural differentiation of mouse ES cells. SDIA accumulates on the surface of PA6 stromal cells and induces efficient neuronal differentiation of cocultured ES cells in serum-free conditions without use of either retinoic acid or embryoid bodies. BMP4, which acts as an antineuralizing morphogen in Xenopus, suppresse...

The localization of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)(B) receptors in the midbrain of the rat was examined in multiple labeling studies using antibodies directed against the GABA(B) receptor and either tryptophan hydroxylase or tyrosine hydroxylase. Almost all of the serotonergic and dopaminergic cell bodies in the midbrain displayed GABA(B) receptor-like immunoreactivity. Conversely, most neurons...