Automotive design engineers face the challenging problem of developing products in highly competitive markets. In this regard, using conceptual models in the first step of automotive development seems so necessary. In this paper, to make a body in white conceptual model, an engineering approach is developed for the replacement of beam-like structures, joints, and panels in a vehicle model. The ...

We present a detailed model of dimensional changes in long length artifacts, such as step gauges and ball bars, due to bending under gravity. The comprehensive model is based on evaluation of the gauge points relative to the neutral bending surface. It yields the errors observed when the gauge points are located off the neutral bending surface of a bar or rod but also reveals the significant er...

In this study, the effects of heat treatment of aluminum alloy on the tube bending process were investigated in the rotary draw bending process. As two experimental and numerical simulation methods were used to determine the wall-thinning, ovality, and spring back for extruded, annealed, and aged AA6063 aluminum alloy tubes in different bending angles and bend radii. Numerical simulations were ...

objective: this in vitro study evaluated the fracture strength and bending amount of twotypes of fiber reinforced composite (frc) and cast metal frameworks used for fabrication of inlay fixed partial dentures (ifpds). materials and methods: seventy-two extracted first maxillary premolars and molars (36 each) were embedded in acrylic resin to represent a missing of second maxillary premolar. frc...

influence of media messages History and Orientation The two-step flow of communication hypothesis was first introduced by Paul Lazarsfeld, Bernard Berelson, and Hazel Gaudet in The People's Choice, a 1944 study focused on the process of decision-making during a Presidential election campaign. These researchers expected to find empirical support for the direct influence of media messages on voti...

Satoru Inoue, Grigory Ovanesyan, and Michael J. Ramsey-Musolf Physics Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA Kellogg Radiation Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA (Received 15 September 2015; published 22 J...

uPAR's signaling two step T he uPA receptor (uPAR) is a loner. Jutting from the plasma membrane , it has no apparent connection to the cell interior. But, as Madsen et al. demonstrate on page 927, uPAR induces cells to cling tightly to a surface. The behavior might recruit other receptors and explain how the seemingly isolated uPAR exerts its infl uence. Stimulating uPAR galvanizes cells—they a...

In recent years, several new methods for the identiica-tion of approximate models of an open loop plant on the basis of closed loop data have been presented. In this paper, we extend such a method to the nonlinear case: we consider that both the plant and the controller can be nonlinear. The method that is considered is a two-step procedure, i.e. the sensitivity function of the closed loop syst...

We present sufficient convergence conditions for two-step Newton methods in order to approximate a locally unique solution of a nonlinear equation in a Banach space setting. The advantages of our approach under the same computational cost over other studies such as [9–25] for the semilocal convergence case are: weaker sufficient convergence conditions, more precise error bounds on the distances...

An important stage in macromolecular crystallography is that of phase extension and refinement when initial phase estimates are available from isomorphous replacement or anomalous scattering or other methods. For this purpose, an alternative method called the twin variables (TwiV) method has been proposed. The algorithm is based on alternately transferring the phase information between the twin...