Human NK cells have been shown to produce cytokines (e.g., IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha) and the chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha following stimulation with the combination of two monokines, IL-15 plus IL-12. The C-C chemokines MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta, and RANTES have been identified as the major soluble macrophage-tropic HIV-1-suppressive factors produced by CD8+ T cells, which ...

To characterize the host range of different strains of HIV-1, we have used four types of cells, primary monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM), primary PBL, a promonocyte cell line (U937), and a CD4+ T cell line (SUP-T1). These cells were infected with three prototype strains of HIV-1, a putative lymphocyte-tropic strain (IIIB), and two putative monocyte-tropic strains (SF162 and DV). Infections we...

OBJECTIVES We aimed to evaluate whether virological response to a short course of maraviroc monotherapy could predict HIV-1 tropism. METHODS A clinical trial was performed in HIV-1 treatment-naive patients infected with R5- or non-R5-tropic virus determined using the Trofile(®) assay, with >1000 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL. Maraviroc was administered for 10 days. Viral load was measured at baseline a...

The RFV strain of the Friend virus complex induces an erythroleukemia that spontaneously regresses. The tropism of regressing Friend virus complex (RFV), which is conferred by its helper MuLV component, MuLV-RF, is different from that of the conventional virus strain, CFV. RFV is NB-tropic and CFV is N-tropic. Passage of nonregressing CFV through Fv-1 incompatible Swiss/ICR mice changed the tro...

We have constructed two human immunodeficiency type 1 (HIV-1) derivatives, CXCR4 tropic and CCR5 tropic, that replicate in rhesus macaques. They are genetically engineered to be resistant to macaque restriction factors against HIV-1, including TRIM5α, APOBEC3, and tetherin proteins. The two HIV-1 variants described here are fundamental clones aiming for rhesus infection studies of HIV-1.

Evaluation a field-scale of constructed wetland (CW) for the treatment rural wastewater (WW), in resource-scarce semi-arid tropic (SAT) villages, to provide improved management and in...

Development of an effective low-cost anti-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) drugs is needed for treatment of AIDS patients in developing countries. Host cell lipid raft microdomains, which are enriched with cholesterol, glycolipids, ceramide, and gangliosides, are important for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) entry. Retinoid analogs have been shown to modulate ceramide level...

Macrophage tropic HIV-1 is predominant during the initial viremia after person to person transmission of HIV-1 (Zhu, T., H. Mo, N. Wang, D.S. Nam, Y. Cao, R.A. Koup, and D.D. Ho. 1993. Science. 261:1179-1181.), and this selection may occur during virus entry and carriage to the lymphoid tissue. Human skin explants were used to model HIV-1 selection that may occur at the skin or mucosal surface....

OBJECTIVES This study aimed to develop a genotypic method to predict HIV-1 coreceptor usage by employing the nucleotide sequence of the env gene in a tree-augmented naive Bayes (TAN) classifier, and to evaluate its accuracy in prediction compared with other available tools. METHODS A wrapper data-mining strategy interleaved with a TAN algorithm was employed to evaluate the predictor value of ...

Thymocyte infection with HIV-1 is associated with thymic involution and impaired thymopoiesis, particularly in pediatric patients. To define mechanisms of thymocyte infection, we examined human thymocytes for expression and function of CXCR4 and CCR5, the major cell entry coreceptors for T cell line-tropic (T-tropic) and macrophage-tropic (M-tropic) strains of HIV-1, respectively. CXCR4 was det...